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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what nuclei are involved in the promotion of alert & conscious state?
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rostral intralaminar nuclei
midline thalamic nuclei Tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) Orexin neurons Suprachiastmatic nucleus Dorsal raphe nucleus Locu coeruleus Ventral tegmental area Pedunculopontine nucleus lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus Reticular nucleus |
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what does damage to the rostral pontomesencephalic cholinergic nuclei cause?
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COMA
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what type of actions are the rostral pontomesencephalic nuclei responsible for?
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behavioral and cognitive arousal
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What NT does TMN release? why?
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Histamine
maintains alert state of cortex and regulates activity in the thalamus and brainstem |
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What nucleus inhibits the VLPO?
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TMN by releasing Histamine
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Where are Orexin neurons found?
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Posterior lateral hypothalamus
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what does the release of Orexin promote?
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Orexin neurons are promoting wakefulness by releasing Orexin onto the cortex, and increasing activity of pontomesencephalic reticular nuclei
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what is the NT released by the VLPO?
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GABA
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What is the function of VLPO?
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to promote sleep by inhibiting the TMN, orexin neurons, and pontomesencephalic reticular nuclei
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what are the pontomesencephalic reticular nuclei?
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Rostral intralaminar & midline thalamic nuclei
TMN VLPO Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus receive input from?
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retina
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what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
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circadian clock
projects to hypothalamic nuclei Ventral lateral preoptic nucleus |
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Where is the dorsal raphe nuclei found?
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midbrain
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where do the diffuse projections from dorsal raphe nuclei go?
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thalamus
cortex |
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what NT does dorsal raphe nuclei release?
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Serotonin (5HT)
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in the awake state is the activity of dorsal raphe nuclei high or low?
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HIGH activity
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in the REM sleep state is the activity of dorsal raphe nuclei high or low?
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LOW activity
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what NT does dorsal raphe nuclei release?
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Serotonin
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what NT does Locus coerulus release?
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Norepinephrine
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where does Locus coerulus project to?
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Cortex
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what is the function of the release of NE from locus coerulus?
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regulates arousal, attention, and mood
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when is Locus coerulus the most active?
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HIgh activity in awake state
Low activity in REM sleep |
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where is dopamine released from in the pontomesencephalic reticular formation?
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ventral tegmental area
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what NT do Pedunculopontine and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei release?
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ACh
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where do PPT and LDT project to in order to release ACh?
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intralaminar nuclei
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what is the function of the release of ACh in the sleep-wake cycle?
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regulates excitability of sensory relay nuclei in the awake state
inhibited during slow wave sleep ACTIVE during REM sleep |
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what NT does the reticular nucleus release?
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GABA
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what is the function of the reticular nucleus?
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regulates excitability of other thalamic nuclei
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what nuclei are active in promoting the awake state? what NT are being released?
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TMN: histamine
Locus coerulus: NE LDT: ACh PPT: ACh Raphe: 5-HT VLPO: is inhibted Orexin neurons: Orexin |
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describe the EEG of an awake person?
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desynchronized and low amplitude
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describe the EEG of a person in Non-REM sleep?
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high amplitude and low frequency
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Is there any perception of external sensory input during non-REM sleep?
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NO
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what is the activity of the thalamus during non-REM sleep?
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thalamus reverts back to intrinsic oscillatory bursting mode
has lost excitatory input |
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what stage of sleep may sleep walking occur in?
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STAGE 4 of NON-REM
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when is the least amount of brain activity recorded during the sleep cycle?
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STAGE 4 of non-REM
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describe the active NT being released during non-REM sleep.
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VLPO is releasing GABA to inhibit TMN from releasing histamine, and is blocking the excitatory input to LDT, PPT, LE, Raphe nuclei
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describe the EEG in a REM sleep.
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almost identical to waking brain
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is the brain active or inactive during REM sleep?
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brain is highly active, especially the motor cortex
rapid eye movements occur |
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what NT are active during REM sleep?
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Locus coerulus: is inhibited
Raphe nuclei: inhibited PPT & LDT: Disinhibited |
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describe the activity of the NT when REM is being offset
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Locus coerulus: NE activity is increased
PPT & LDT: ACh release is inhibited |
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with the disinhibition of the LDT/PPT what does this produce during REM sleep?
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excitation of the thalamus
inhibition of muscles except the diaphragm and eye movements |
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how are REM generated?
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the PPRF is activated in the pons sending signals to the superior colliculus
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what is the main NT of the awake state? what is it released by?
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Histamine
TMN |
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what other NT are being released and promoting arousal?
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PPT & LDT: ACh
Locus coerulus: NE Raphe Nuclei: Serotonin |
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what is the main NT being released in non-rem sleep?
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GABA
VLPO |
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what is the activity of other NT that promote arousal during non-REM sleep?
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PPT & LDT: Ach low
Locus Coeruleus: NE low Raphe nuclei: Serotonin low |
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what is the activity of NT during REM-onset?
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Locus coeruleus: NE inhibted
Raphe nuclei: 5 HT inhibited PPT & LDT: ACh disinhibited (active) |
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what is the activity of NT during REM-offset?
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Locus coeruleus: NE increased
PPT & LDT: ACh inhibited |
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how is insomnia treated?
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varies from behavioral modifications to drugs
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why do we sleep?
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growth/repair/recovery
exercise brain circuits memory consolidation |
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what may be a trigger in the nervous system for sleep?
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buildup of adenosine in the brain
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what blocks signals from adenosine in the brain?
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Caffeine
SO WE CAN STAY AWAKE AND STUDY |
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why is restless leg syndrome a problem?
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need to move legs in response impairs sleep
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what may be involved in restless leg syndrome?
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basal ganglia dysfunction
which can be treated with dopamine antagonist |
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what are some characteristics of Narcolepsy?
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enter REM sleep directly from waking state
excessive daytime sleepiness dreamlike hallucinations loss of muscle tone in awake state |
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Cataplexy
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loss of muscle tone in awake state
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when is the typical onset of Narcolepsy?
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in adolescence or early adulthood
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what is thought to be the cause of Narcolepsy in humans?
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loss of orexin producing neurons in hypothalamus
-neurodegenerative or autoimmune |
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what is the function of orexin neurons?
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project widely and promote wakefulness, primarily by effects on histaminergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems
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what is sleep apnea?
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disorder in which the patient stops breathing during sleep for 10-20 seconds throughout the night --> brain senses low oxygen --> arouses patient
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if a patient has obstructive sleep apnea how can it be treated?
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special dental devices, CPAP, surgery to remove tonsils
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what are some possible consequences of sleep apnea?
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serious health problems due to lack of restful sleep
increased risk of heart disease and stroke |
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what is the cause of central sleep apnea?
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malfunction in brainstem circuits controlling breathing
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what type of respiration is observed in central sleep apnea?
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
-can you match brainstem lesion to type of respiration |
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Descrive REM Sleep Behavioral disorder.
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loss of skeletal muscle atonia during REM
acting out dreams injury to self or others |
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what are the possible etiologies of RSBD?
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neurological disorder including tumors, cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease
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what may RSBD be indicative of?
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may precede development of other symptoms of degenerative disease
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what can RSBD be treated with?
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Clonazepam which increases GABA inhibition
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what is responsible for generation fo rapid eye movement and visual imagery in dreams during REM sleep?
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phasic cholinergic activity in the thalamus, PGO waves, ponto-geniculo-occipital
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what activates circuits suppressing large muscle activity during REM sleep?
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Cholinergic inputs from LDT & PPT nuclei
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