I&i-Exam 1

Front 1

protozoa are [unicellular/multicellular]

Back 1

unicellular

Front 2

describe sexuality of protozoa

Back 2

- can be sexual or asexual

- may alternate back and forth

Front 3

T/F - apicomplexa are facultative intracellular parasites

Back 3

false - obligate

Front 4

apicomplexa are [sexual/asexual] reproducers

Back 4

alternate back and forth

Front 5

how many parts are there in the life cycle of apicomplexa?

Back 5

3

Front 6

fancy word for a direct life cycle (no intermediate host)

Back 6

homoxenous

Front 7

fancy word for requiring 1 or more intermediate host

Back 7

heteroxenous

Front 8

3 life cycles of apicomplexa

Back 8

1. merogony/schizogony

2. gametogony

3. sporogony

Front 9

is eimeria host specific?

Back 9

highly specific

Front 10

2 most pathogenic eimeria in cattle

Back 10

1. E. bovis

2. E. zurneii

Front 11

eimeria pathology is dependent on what 4 things?

Back 11

1. host age

2. prior infection

3. infective dose

4. stress of animal

Front 12

3 things that are important diagnostic tools when diagnosing eimeria in cattle

Back 12

1. tissue location

2. oocyst mophology

3. site of lesion

Front 13

4 clinical symptoms of eimeria in cattle

Back 13

hemorrhagic diarrhea, anemia, weight loss & weakness

Front 14

pathology of eimeria bovis is due to _________ and begins _______ past infection

Back 14

gamonts

18 days

Front 15

5 clinical symptoms of eimeria bovis

Back 15

diarrhea, tenesmus, fever, congested mucosa, often edmatous and hemorrhage

Front 16

in eimeria bovis, cattle either sucuumb ______ past infection or recover with [no/partial/full] immunity

Back 16

3-4 weeks

partial

Front 17

location of 1st generation infection of eimeria bovis

Back 17

endothelial cells of posterior half of small intestine

Front 18

location of 2nd generation infection of eimeria bovis

Back 18

cecal and colonic epithelium

Front 19

location of 1st generation infection of eimeria zurneii

Back 19

throughout small intestine

Front 20

location of 2nd generation infection of eimeria zurneii

Back 20

ileum, colon cecum

Front 21

pathology of eimeria zurneii is due to _________ with death beginning at _______ past infection

Back 21

asexual stages

7 days

Front 22

who is most at risk for coccidiosis

Back 22

young animals and those with little prior exposure

Front 23

what are the greatest times for coccidiosis to occur?

Back 23

spring and fall

Front 24

"asexual reproduction which produces merozoites"

Back 24

merogony

Front 25

"sexual reproduction which produces gametes"

Back 25

gametogony

Front 26

location of gamonts in eimeria bovis

Back 26

epithelial cells of cecal and colonic glands

Front 27

location of gamonts in eimeria zurneii

Back 27

colon and cecum

Front 28

when should you treat coccidiosis?

Back 28

prophylactically - once they get it, they won't eat and won't get the medicine

Front 29

what kind of coccidia do sheep get?

Back 29

eimeria orinoidalis

Front 30

location of 1st generation meronts in eimeria orinoidalis

Back 30

small intestine

Front 31

location of 2nd generation meronts in eimeria orinoidalis

Back 31

large intestine

Front 32

location of gamonts in eimeria orinoidalis

Back 32

ileum, cecum, large intestine

Front 33

how do eimeria and cryptosporidium differ in their lifecycle?

Back 33

crypto can go oocyst to oocyst in as little as 48 hours

oocysts are infectious when they are passed

Front 34

how do you treat cryptosporidium?

Back 34

- self-limiting in immune-competent hosts

- fluid replacement for severely affected hosts

Front 35

how do you diagnose cryptosprodidium?

Back 35

- observe oocysts in floats, stained films, acid fast stains, ELISA, flourescence

Front 36

is cryptosporidium zoonotic?

if so, what strand

Back 36

yes - potential is low other than C. parvum

Front 37

describe location of cryptosporidium in the body

Back 37

intracellular but extracytoplasmic

Front 38

what does cryptosporidium cause?

Back 38

severe, cholera-like D+ in calves

- malabsorption

Front 39

are all avian affected by the same strain of eimeria?

Back 39

heck no - they are all highly host specific

Front 40

avian coccidiosis is caused by _____________ and pathology is due to _______________

Back 40

eimeria spp.

destruction of intestinal cells

Front 41

clinical signs of avian coccidiosis

Back 41

- hemorrhage

- malabsorption

*present prior to patency

Front 42

how do you treat avian coccidiosis?

Back 42

*sanitation

- oocysts are not infectious when passed

*coccidiostats in feed or water

- must rotate drugs to combat resistance

- allow some infection to build immunity

Front 43

what causes coccidiosis in dogs & cats?

Back 43

isopora & cystoisopora

Front 44

isospora have a ________ life cycle and cystoisospora have a _________ life cycle

Back 44

direct

heteroxenous

Front 45

isospora oocysts contain ______ sporcysts and ______ sporozoites

Back 45

2 - 8

Front 46

what is the most common source of infection of coccidiosis in dogs?

Back 46

raw meat or rodents

Front 47

pathology of isospora canis

Back 47

possibly bloody or mucoid D+; abdominal pain; dehydration; anorexia; vomiting

Front 48

how do you treat coccidiosis in cats and dogs?

Back 48

*ubiquitous

- can treat with albon but not labeled for such and they typically don't need treatment

Front 49

what family do sarcocysts fall into?

Back 49

apicomplexans

Front 50

are sarcocysts direct or indirect life cycle?

Back 50

indirect - require 2 hosts species (predator and prey)

Front 51

describe asexual reproduction in sarcosysts

Back 51

- occur in prey species

- site of pathology

Front 52

describe sexual reproduction of sarcocysts

Back 52

- occur in predator

- gametogony in intestinal tract

- infectious sporocysts containing sporozoites shed in feces

Front 53

describe life cycle of sarcocystis cruzi

Back 53

- canid (definitive host) & cattle (intermediate host)

- cattle infected by ingesting contaminated food/water w/sporocysts from dog feces

- meronts in endothelium, cysts in striated muscle 1 month PI, mature at 2.5-3 months

Front 54

what causes dalmeny disease and what is it?

Back 54

- sarcocystis cruzi
- in prey host, causes anorexia, pyrexia, anemia, weight loss, decreased milk production, generalized lymphandeopathy & abortion
- mortality ~ 1 month post infection
- requires LARGE numbers of sporocysts to become pathogenic

Front 55

how do you diagnose sarcocystsis cruzi?

Back 55

- history, serology, id of organisms

- rat tail

> hair loss due to follicles needing the most blood flow to regrow

Front 56

how do you treat sarcocystis cruzi?

Back 56

- do not allow dogs to feed on raw meat

- prevent contamination of cattle feed

- limited information on drugs

Front 57

what causes equine protozoan myelitis (EPM)?

Back 57

sarcocystis neruona

Front 58

what is the life cycle of sarcocystis neurona?

Back 58

- opossum/racoon: cat: otter

- horse is dead-end host

- sporocysts survive ~ 1 year

- latency period = 2 years

Front 59

clinical signs of EPM

Back 59

- asymmetric ataxia, weakness, focal muscle atrophy, chronic lameness, seizuring, urinary incontinence, acute recumbency, various nerve deficits

Front 60

how do you diagnose EPM?

Back 60

- clinical presentation

- serology

> blood only shows if exposure

> CNS needed to confirm pathogenesis

Front 61

what is the seroprevalence of EPM in NC horses?

Back 61

~50%

Front 62

how do you treat EPM?

Back 62

- need to begin within 2-4 weeks of clinical onset

- VERY expensive to treat

- drugs last 6-8 weeks or longer

- variable outcome of treatment

- include anti-inflammatory drugs

- never get full clearance, only remission

Front 63

what kind of toxoplasma is most common?

Back 63

T. gondii

Front 64

describe toxoplasma asexual stages

Back 64

- in all warm-blooded vertebrates

- multiplication in any nucleated cell

- can also occur in cats

Front 65

describe toxoplasma sexual stages

Back 65

- only in cats

- lamina propria of intestine

- does not typically cause pathology in cats

Front 66

3 forms of toxoplasma that can infect the cat

Back 66

1. tachyzoites

2. tissue cysts

3. bradyzoites

Front 67

once ingested by a cat, [nonsporulated/sporulated] oocysts are passed in the stool for how long?

are they infectious immediately?

Back 67

nonsporulated

2 weeks

nope - takes about 2 days

Front 68

how do you test for toxoplasma?

Back 68

serology

- positive means they have been exposed, not that they are necessarily currently shedding

Front 69

toxoplasma pathology in cats

Back 69

- infects nucleated cells

- sexual & asexual reproduction

- most cats are asymptomatic

- transplacental transmission is rare

- enteritis, lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, encephalitis, nepritis

Front 70

in toxoplasma, which type of cats are most likely to show pathologic signs?

Back 70

FIV+

Front 71

describe toxoplasma serotypes

Back 71

*there is only one

- immunity against one isolate should transfer

- explains low prevalence of clinical disease

- most infections in people are low virulence

Front 72

toxoplasma pathology in people

Back 72

- acquired infection

> lymphadenopathy, fever, meningoencephalitis, ocular lesions, myocarditis

Front 73

when is toxoplasma an issue for pregnant women?

Back 73

if it is the first time they are exposed to it

Front 74

transplacental transmission of toxoplasma is [less/more] common when infection occurs later in pregnancy and [less/more] severe if acquired earlier during gestation

Back 74

more - more

Front 75

pathology of CNS with human toxoplasm

Back 75

cerebral calcification, hydrocephalus, microcephaly, psychomotor disturbances, retardation, blindness, deafness

Front 76

what human disease is toxoplasm linked to in adults?

Back 76

HIV/AIDS

Front 77

will casual contact with a cat give you toxoplasm?

Back 77

heck no

Front 78

treatment for toxoplasm

Back 78

- pyrimethamine + sulfa drugs

- goes into remission, never fully cured

Front 79

3 methods of toxoplasm transmission

Back 79

1. foodborne

2. zoonotic

3. mother to child

Front 80

describe toxoplasm in dogs

Back 80

fever, lymphadenopathy, hemorrhagic D+

*often several weeks after distemper vaccine due to reactivation (immunosuppression)

Front 81

descibre toxoplasm in sheep

Back 81

abortion, CNS signs

circling disease

Front 82

describe toxoplasm in swine

Back 82

similar to dogs - public health concern

Front 83

describe toxoplasm in horses

Back 83

typically asymptomatic (EPM-like)

Front 84

what is like toxoplasm but in dogs?

Back 84

neospora caninum

Front 85

what are the life cycle hosts of neospora caninum?

Back 85

dog - cat - cattle - sheep

Front 86

is neospora caninum zoonotic?

Back 86

nope

Front 87

how can you differentiate btwn toxoplasma and neospora?

Back 87

serology (antibody reactions)

Front 88

route of natural transmission of neospora caninum

Back 88

transplacental

*may not transmit to every pregnancy or every offspring in litter

Front 89

clinical signs of neospora caninum

Back 89

- ascending hind limb paresis (5-6 wks)

> can see anywhere from 2 days to 7 years

- rigid muscle contraction

- skin ulceration, muscle atrophy, nerve and cardiac defects

Front 90

treatment for neospora caninum

Back 90

same as T. gondii except no steroids

- may take weeks to months and damage may be permanent

- outcome variable

Front 91

where is neospora caninum seen most?

Back 91

abortion and neonatal death of sheep in western states

Front 92

what are piroplasms?

Back 92

vector-transmitted protozoal parasites

babesia, theileria, cytauxzoon

Front 93

what cell does babesia infect in the vertebrate host?

Back 93

RBC

Front 94

in theileria, what is the first cell they infect?

followed by....

Back 94

white blood cell

red blood cell

Front 95

how is cytauxzoon felis transmitted?

what type of parasite is it?

Back 95

tick

apicomplexan protazoa

Front 96

7 signs/history of cytauxzoon felis

Back 96

1. acute febrile disease

2. access to outdoors

3. history of ticks

4. lethargy

5. dyspnea

6. neurologic disease

7. jaundice

Front 97

who were originally thought to be the reservoir host for cytauxzoon felis?

who also appears to be now?

Back 97

bobcats

cats

Front 98

in cytauxzoon felis, clinical signs begin ___________ post infection and death occurs ________ after that

Back 98

12-15 days

5 days

Front 99

describe pathology of cytauxzoon felis

Back 99

- schizogenous phase

- schizont-laden macrophages occlude blood vessels and result in multi-organ failure & death

- infection with merozoites results in minimal clinical disease

Front 100

how would you diagnose cytauxzoon felis?

Back 100

1. blood smear

2. CBC

> thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, anemia

3. chemistry

> icterus

Front 101

what tick was originally thought to transmit cytauxzoon felis?

what tick is now thought to spread it?

Back 101

dermacenter variabilis (american dog tick)

amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)

Front 102

how do you treat cytoauxzoon felis?

Back 102

atovaquone, azithromycin, imidocarb

*typically still need major supportive care (4-7 days of intensive care at specialty hospital)

Front 103

who is most at risk for babesia canis?

babesia gibsoni?

Back 103

greyhounds

pitts

Front 104

3 main ways babesia is transmitted

Back 104

1. dog bites

2. ticks

3. transfusions

Front 105

typical history of a dog with babesia

Back 105

- can be acute or chronic

- any age dog

- lethargy

- depression

- pale mucous membranes

- discolored urine

Front 106

typical hematological findings of babesia

(what does it resemble?)

Back 106

thrombocytopenia & anemia

(IMHA or ITP)

Front 107

what are the pathognomonic biochemical findings for babesia?

Back 107

ticked ya - there are none!

Front 108

3 ways to test for babesia - which is best?

Back 108

1. parasite vizualization (blood smear)

2. serology

3. PCR**best

Front 109

describe serology testing for babesia

Back 109

- not always cross reactive btwn species

> test for ALL species

- not always antibodies present

> do acute & convalescent titers

Front 110

describe PCR testing for babesia

Back 110

- positive: infection

- negative: truly negative or parasite load very low

Front 111

describe life cycle of leucocytozoon

Back 111

- arthropod supports maturation of gametocytes to gametes

- dvpmt of oocysts & sporozoites - injected in bloodmeal

- vertebrate intermediate host - merogony in both endothelial cells and RBC; gamonts in WBC

Front 112

what organism is most affected by leucocytozoon and what organism spreads it?

Back 112

turkey

black flies

Front 113

what disease dose leucocytozoon resemble?

Back 113

cytauxzoon - giant schizonts in liver & lymphoid cells, gametocytes in circulating WBC

Front 114

describe the limiting factor for where you will see leucocytozoon

Back 114

vector is black fly

*requires swiftly running water for larval stage

Front 115

leucocytozoon smithi pathology

Back 115

- splenomegaly, hepatic hypertrophy, hepatic necrosis, anemia, anorexia

- cough, bronchitis

- mortality for poults ~ 90%

- recovered birds are carriers

Front 116

what is hemoproteus similar to?

Back 116

plasmodium & leucocytozoon

- common in imported exotic birds

- no need to treat

Front 117

name 2 organisms in the subphylum sarcomastigophora

Back 117

giardia & tritrichomonas

Front 118

giardia has a [direct/indirect] life cycle

Back 118

direct

Front 119

describe life cycle of giardia

Back 119

- trophozoite attach to epithelial cells of upper third of small intestine (extracellular)

- cysts passed in feces (only if formed)

Front 120

what is the infectious form of giardia?

Back 120

cysts

Front 121

is giardia zoonotic?

Back 121

eh, not really

Front 122

"beaver fever"

Back 122

giardia

Front 123

pathology of giardia

Back 123

- malabsorption

- watery, malodorous feces

- abdominal pain

- deficiency of fat soluble vitamins

Front 124

3 ways to diagnose giardia - which is the best?

Back 124

best - ELISA

- trophozoites in fluid feces (direct wet mount with saline)

- cysts from formed feces in direct smear or zinc sulfate float

Front 125

interpretation of giardia: ELISA positive & fecal positive

Back 125

animal is infected

Front 126

interpretation of giardia: ELISA positive & fecal negative

Back 126

probably infected - confirm with 2nd test

Front 127

interpretation of giardia: ELISA negative & fecal positive

Back 127

may be infected by antigen is below level of detection or misinterpretation of fecal

test again

Front 128

interpretation of giardia: ELISA negative & fecal negative

Back 128

not infected

Front 129

what drug treats giardia?

what drug used to treat it until resistance developed?

Back 129

fenbendazole (panacur)

metro (flagyl)

Front 130

describe a trichomonad

Back 130

- primitive protozoan

- anterior flagella & undulating membrane

- similar to giardia but no cyst form

- directly transmitted host to host

Front 131

in what species is tritrichomonas foetus historically found in?

Back 131

bovine - venereal disease

Front 132

what breeds of cats are most likely to transmit tritrichomonas?

Back 132

exotic breeds (bengal, abyssinian, etc.)

Front 133

feline tritrichomonas foetus resides where? causing what?

Back 133

distal ileum and colon

D+

Front 134

what cat populations are at risk for tritrichomonas?

Back 134

1. younger cats

2. cattery, shelters or hoarding envmts

*no sex predisposition

Front 135

is tritrichomonas typically fatal in cats?

Back 135

nope - chronic large bowel D+ but absorption is still occuring

Front 136

in bovine, tritrichomonas foetus is a _____________ disease and in cats it is a ___________ disease

Back 136

urogenital

large bowel

Front 137

tritrichomonas foetus was shown to survive in what intermediate host?

Back 137

slug

Front 138

can trichomonads be diagnosed with fecal flotation?

Back 138

nope - hypertonic solution kills them

Front 139

how can you distinguish btwn tritrichomonas foetus and giardia on cytology?

Back 139

tri: scoot across slide

giardia: falling leaf motility

Front 140

what kind of organism is leishmania?

Back 140

hemoflagellate

Front 141

4 types of morphology of hemoflagellates of vet med importance

Back 141

1. trypomastigote

2. epimastigote

3. promastigote

4. amastigote

Front 142

3 types of Leishmania

Back 142

1. L. mexicana/tropica - cutaneous

2. L. brasilienses - mucocutaneous

3. L. donovani/chagasi - visceral

Front 143

what organism transmits leishmania?

Back 143

sandfly

Front 144

what breed is commonly afflicated with leishmanaiasis?

Back 144

foxhound

Front 145

how is leishmania transmitted in the USA?

Back 145

vertical transmission to pups or horizontal from direct contact

Front 146

3 systemic clinical signs of leishmania

Back 146

1. lymphadenopathy

2. fever

3. splenomegaly

Front 147

top 2 clinical signs of leishmania

Back 147

dry exfoliative dermatitis & ulcers

Front 148

5 hematological and biochemical indications of leishmania

Back 148

1. hyperglobulinemia

2. hypoalbuminemia

3. proeinuria

4. azotemia

5. mild non-regenerative anemia

Front 149

what can you do to enhance the probability of getting a positive PCR test of leishmania?

Back 149

aspirate lymph node and mix it in with your blood that you submit

Front 150

what is the problem with using serology to diagnose leishmania?

Back 150

it cross reacts with trypanosoma cruzi - need to do PCR to distinguish which one you have

Front 151

what is the current drug of choice to treat leishmania? is it curative?

Back 151

allopurinol - nope

Front 152

in leishmania, amastigotes replicate where?

Back 152

in monocytes and reticuloendothelial cells

(professional phagocytes)

Front 153

in leishmania, promastigotes replicate where?

Back 153

in biting flies

Front 154

is leishmania zoonotic?

Back 154

only in the medetaranian and places with biting flies

Front 155

general symptoms of leishmania

Back 155

skin lesions, dermal ulcers, hair loss, loss of appetite, weight loss & wasting

Front 156

what is a problem with treating leishmania?

Back 156

the drugs are very toxic

Front 157

what is a characteristic of arthropods that is easy to target with drugs?

Back 157

chitinous exoskeleton

Front 158

clinical signs of mite infestations

Back 158

pruritis, keratinization, alopecia, secondary infection (pyoderma), dermatitis, cachexia, blood loss, anemia

Front 159

name 2 mesostigmata mites

Back 159

1. dermanyssus gallinae

2. orthonyssus sylviarum

Front 160

what is a defining characteristic of mesostigamata mites?

Back 160

stigmata (respiratory pores) in the middle of their bodies

- btwn 2nd & 3rd legs

- open and close for gas diffusion

Front 161

scientific name for red/roost mite

Back 161

dermanyssus gallinae

Front 162

characteristics of dermanyssus gallinae

Back 162

- hide in evmnt during day

- feed on birds at night

- blood loss leads to decreased production

- death with heavy infestations

- control with evmtal acaracides as well as treating birds

Front 163

mesostigmata mites are found on what species?

Back 163

birds

Front 164

dermanyssus gallinae can survive without a blood meal for ______________

Back 164

4-5 months

Front 165

scientific name for northern fowl mite

Back 165

orithonyssus sylviarum

Front 166

where do orithonyssus sylviarum mites spend most of their time?

Back 166

on birds

Front 167

clinical signs of orithonyssus sylviarum

Back 167

loss of weight, decreased egg production, decreased feed conversion, death, matted feathers (around vent)

Front 168

how long can orithonyssus sylviarum survive in abscence of an avian host?

Back 168

3-7 weeks

Front 169

2 families within suborder astigmata mites

Back 169

1. sarcoptidae

2. notedres cati

Front 170

describe respiration in astigmata mites

Back 170

through integument

Front 171

2 types of sarcoptidae mites

Back 171

1. sarcoptes scabiei

2. notoedres cati

Front 172

what species gets sarcoptes scabiei?

Back 172

sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, horse, human, dog

*each species has a specific kind

- they don't survive long on hosts that are not their preferred kind

Front 173

cat mange

Back 173

notoedres cati

Front 174

where do sarcopitdae mites live?

Back 174

entire life cycle burrowed in skin

*transmission via direct contact

Front 175

pathology of sarcoptes

Back 175

skin lesions, secondary infections, irritation

Front 176

where would you find scabies on a dog?

Back 176

face

Front 177

where would you find scabies on a pig?

Back 177

top of neck, shoulders and ears & along back

Front 178

where would you find scabies on cattle?

Back 178

where hair is short: brisket & base of tail

Front 179

where would you find scabies on sheep?

Back 179

around face: black muzzle

Front 180

what is the most important parasitic infection in confinement-reared pigs?

Back 180

sarcoptes scabiei

Front 181

do cats get sarcoptes scabiei?

Back 181

nope - they get notoedres cati

Front 182

treatment for sarcoptes scabei

Back 182

topicals (lime-sulfar, carbaryl, malathion), carbamates (not babies), organophosphates (not cats), ivermectin, moxidectin, selemectin

Front 183

scientific name for ear mites

Back 183

otodectes spp.

Front 184

what kind of mite is in suborder prostigmata?

Back 184

demodicidae

Front 185

scientific name for red mange of dogs

Back 185

demodex canis

Front 186

scientific name of cattle follicular mite

Back 186

demodex bovis

Front 187

when treating for demodex, what is important to distinguish?

Back 187

normal fauna vs. demodicsosi

Front 188

describe localized demodicosis

Back 188

face, skull, ear canal, forelegs, trunk - alopecia, scaling, hyperpigmentation, pruritis, erythema - most resolve spontaneously

10% progress to systemic

Front 189

describe generalized demodicosis

Back 189

- large areas of body involved

- erythema, crusting, rancid seborrhea, lymphadenopathy

- inhereited immune defect

- chronic & no cure available

Front 190

where does demodex live?

Back 190

base of hair follicles

Front 191

risk factors for demodex

Back 191

immune supperssion, malnutrition, neoplasia & chemotherapy, endocrine disease

Front 192

top 3 important vectors of disease

Back 192

1. mosquitoes

2. snails

3. ticks

Front 193

4 life stages of ticks

Back 193

egg, larva, nymph, adult

Front 194

what are ixodidae?

Back 194

hard ticks

Front 195

how can you sex a hard tick?

Back 195

male: scutum extends over entire dorsum

female: scutum only covers part of dorsum

Front 196

in ixodidae, the gnathostome projects....

Back 196

anteriorly

Front 197

describe 3 host tick life cycle

Back 197

1. larvae on host 1

2. nymphs on host 2

3. adults on host 3 (mate & drop off - eggs laid in ground & hatch to larvae)

Front 198

4 examples of 3 host ticks

Back 198

1. amblyomma americanum (lone star)

2. rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog)

3. dermacenter variablis (american dog)

4. ixodes scapularis (black leg/deer)

Front 199

lone star tick

Back 199

amblyomma americanum

Front 200

brown dog tick

Back 200

rhipicephalus sanguineus

Front 201

american dog tick

Back 201

dermacenter variablis

Front 202

black legged or deer tick

Back 202

ixodes scapularis

Front 203

what is one of the only ticks that can survive life cycle complete indoors

Back 203

kennel or brown dog tick

rhipicephalus sanguineus

Front 204

lone star tick: disease

Back 204

cytauxzoon felis, ehrlichia

Front 205

brown dog/kennel tick: disease

Back 205

ehrlichia, babesia canis

Front 206

american dog tick: disease

Back 206

rocky mountain spotted fever

Front 207

black legged tick: disease

Back 207

lyme

Front 208

describe 2 host tick life cycle

Back 208

1. larvae & nymph feed on host 1

2. adults feed on host 2

Front 209

example of 2 host tick

disease?

Back 209

ripicephalus evertsi (red legged)

bovine/equine babesia, theileria, heartwater

*eradicated from USA

Front 210

3 examples of 1 host tick

Back 210

1. ripicephalus micorplus

2. Rhipicephalus annulatus

3. dermacenter albipictus

Front 211

rhipicephalus microplus: disease

Back 211

bovine babesiosis, anaplasmosis

*eradicated from USA except maybe texas

Front 212

5 examples of tick pathology

Back 212

1. blood loss (anemia)

2. wounding (secondary infections)

3. tick paralysis - toxins

4. tick worry (irritation)

5. damage to hides

Front 213

4 methods of tick control

Back 213

1. acaracides (wildlife hosts)

2. vaccines

3. habitat modification

4. breed susceptibility

Front 214

what are siphonaptera?

Back 214

fleas

Front 215

fleas are ______________ flattened and lice are ________________ flattened

Back 215

laterally

ventral-dorsally

Front 216

4 life stages of flea

Back 216

1. egg

2. larvae

3. pupae

4. adult

Front 217

scientific name of most fleas found on dogs and cats in NC

Back 217

Ctenocephalides felis

Front 218

fleas have a [simple/complex] metamorphisis

Back 218

compex

Front 219

what temp and relative humidity do fleas like?

Back 219

13-32*C

50-92% humidity

Front 220

what is the typical length of an egg to egg lifecycle of a flea?

how long can it get up to?

Back 220

14-28 days

6 months - 1 year

Front 221

how long can an unfed adult flea survive?

Back 221

2 months

Front 222

flea life cycle

Back 222

1. adult lays 25-35 eggs per day

2. eggs hatch in 2-5 days

3. larvae pupate in 7-14 days

4. adult fleas emerge 1-4 weeks

*will wait up to a year for a host!

Front 223

how do you diagnose fleas?

Back 223

observe them or their "dirt" or effects of bites

Front 224

4 flea pathologies

Back 224

1. blood loss (can produce anemia)
2. wound production (secondary infections)
3. allergy - dermatitis
4. disease transmission
- tapeworms!

Front 225

active ingredient in advantage

Back 225

imidacloprid

- inhibits post-synaptic never transmission

- kills fleas BEFORE biting

Front 226

active ingredient in frontline

Back 226

fipronil

- inhibits post-synaptic never transmission

- kills fleas BEFORE biting

- better staying power than advantage

Front 227

active ingredient in program

Back 227

lufenurone

- chitin synthesis inhibitor

- lacks adulticide

Front 228

active ingredient in revolution

Back 228

selamectin

Front 229

active ingredient in advantix

Back 229

imidacloprid & permethrin

- affects parasite nerves

- toxic to cats

Front 230

active ingredient in sentinel

Back 230

lufenuron & milbemycin

- eggs AND adults

Front 231

2 kinds of lice & their hosts

Back 231

1. mallophaga - chewing

- mammals & birds

2. anoplura - sucking

- mammals ONLY

Front 232

lice have a [simple/complex] metamorphosis

Back 232

simple

Front 233

are lice host specific?

Back 233

yup - they tend to spend their entire life on one host

Front 234

pathology of lice

Back 234

irritation, blood loss, disease transmission

Front 235

which lice has a head broader than its thorax?

Back 235

mallophaga

Front 236

life cycle of lice

Back 236

1. eggs (nits) cemented to hair/feathers

2. eggs hatch in 8-18 days

3. nymphal stages & become adults in 18 days to 3 weeks

Front 237

pathology of anoplura

Back 237

staining of wool, anemia, self-mutilation

Front 238

what is the only louse in cats?

Back 238

Felicola subrostratus

Front 239

what is the only louse in pigs?

Back 239

Haematopinus suis

Front 240

treatment for lice

Back 240

topicals for either kind; systemics ONLY for anoplura

Front 241

4 types of filth flies

Back 241

1. musca domestica - house fly

2. musca autumnalis - face fly

3. stomoxys calcitrans - stable fly

4. haematobis irritans

Front 242

which 2 filth flies have sponging mouth parts?

Back 242

1. musca domestica - house fly

2. musca autumnalis - face fly

Front 243

which 2 filth flies have piercing mouth parts?

Back 243

1. stomoxys calcitrans - stable fly

2. haematobis irritans

Front 244

which 3 filth flies breed in fresh cow manure?

Back 244

1. musca autumnalis - face fly

2. haematobis irritans

Front 245

where does musca domestica breed?

Back 245

any organic material

Front 246

where does stomoxys calcitrans breed?

Back 246

vegetable matter

Front 247

musca domestica - loiter

Back 247

indoor or outdoor

Front 248

musca autumnalis - loiter

Back 248

winter inside; summer outside

Front 249

stomoxys calcitrans - loiter

Back 249

outdoors on light surfaces

Front 250

haematobis irritans - loiter

Back 250

always on host when it is outdoors only

Front 251

musca domestica - general path

Back 251

fly bother

male & female

Front 252

musca autumnalis - general path

Back 252

fly bother

female only

Front 253

stomoxys calcitrans - general path

Back 253

fly bother with reduced productivity

male & female

Front 254

haemotobis irritans - general path

Back 254

fly bother with reduced productivity

male & female

Front 255

which filth flies are mechanical vectors? for what?

Back 255

viral/protazoa/bacterial

1. musca domestica

2. stomoxys calcitrans

3. haemotobis irritans

pink eye - musca autumnalis

Front 256

which filth flies are biological vectors?

for what?

Back 256

musca autumnalis: eyeworm

stomoxys calcitrans: stomachworm

haematobis irritans: filarial worm

Front 257

species control for filth flies

Back 257

general control measure - ALL

infeed inscecticide

1. musca autumnalis

2. haemotabis irritans

remove breeding material - stomoxys calcitrans

Front 258

name 2 flesh/blow flies

Back 258

1. sarcophagids (flesh flies)

2. calliphorids (blow flies, bottle flies, screwworms)

Front 259

sarcophagids: color? lay what? main food?

Back 259

grey

larvae

carrion

Front 260

which flesh flesh/blow flies are obligate myiasis? facultative?

Back 260

facultative: both

obligate: calliphorids (primary screwworm)

Front 261

calliphorids: color? lay what? main food?

Back 261

metallic

eggs

carrion, necrotic tissue, soiled wool & fur

Front 262

5 types of bot flies & host

Back 262

1. gasterophilus - horse

2. hypoderma - cattle

3. oestris ovis - sheep/goats

4. cuterebra - rodent/dog/cat

5. dermatobia hominis - human

Front 263

gasterophilus - egg deposit? enter host? pathology?

Back 263

legs/body; intermandibular; nose/lips

mouth

gastric ulcers & colitis

Front 264

gasterophilus - early & late larval location

Back 264

early: gums & tongue

late: stomach; pylorus; duodenum & rectum

Front 265

hypoderma - egg deposit? enter host? pathology?

Back 265

legs

skin penetration

gadding, meat condemnation, hide grade down

Front 266

hypoderma - early and late larval location

Back 266

early: esophagus; spinal canal

late: back subcutaneous

Front 267

oestris ovis - egg deposit? enter host? pathology?

Back 267

larviposit nostrils

nostrils

minor to distress

Front 268

oestris ovis - early and late larval location

Back 268

early: nasal passages

late: nasal passages

Front 269

cuterebra: egg deposit? enter host? pathology?

Back 269

in burrow to fur

natural orifice

skin warble

Front 270

cuterebra - early and late larval location

Back 270

early: tissue migration

late: subcutaneous

Front 271

dermatobia hominis - egg deposit? enter host? pathology?

Back 271

slave fly

skin/wound penetration

skin warble

Front 272

dermatobia hominis - early and late larval location

Back 272

early: tissue migration

late: subcutaneous

Front 273

treatment for gasterophilus

Back 273

late summer & early fall

Front 274

treatment for hypoderma

Back 274

at end of fly season to prevent bloat & parlysis

Front 275

treatment for oestris ovis

Back 275

systemic insecticide

Front 276

treatment for cuterebra & dermatobia hominis

Back 276

surgery