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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell wall summary (4) |
1 - determine shape
2 - strength prevents osmotic rupture
3 - unique to bacteria
4 - target of some antibiotics |
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antibiotic targeting DNA replication |
nalidixic acid |
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antibiotic targeting DNA transcription |
rifampicin |
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antibiotic targeting DNA translation |
chloramphenicol |
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classifications of antibiotics (3) |
1 - spectrum of activity
2- activity - bacteriostatic v bacteriocidal; time v conc.
3 - chemical structure |
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antibiotics acting on cell wall synthesis |
b-lactams, bacitracin, vancomycin |
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antibiotics working on cell membrane |
polymixins |
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antibiotics working on protein synthesis |
macrolineds, chloramphenicol, lincosamides, tetracycline, aminoglycosides |
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antibiotics targeting folic acid synthesis |
sulfanomides, trimenthoprim |
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antibiotics targeting DNA sysnthesis |
quiniolones, nitroimidazole, rifamprin |
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types of antibiotic resistance |
intrinsic; acquired; mutational |
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minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
lowest concentration of antibiotic that completely inhibits visible growth |
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serogroup = .............serotype = ............. |
O antigen results; O antigen & group and H group |
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H antigens |
- flagellar - makeup derived by primary amino acids - can be denatured with heat/alcohol |
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K antigens |
- capsular - external to O antigen (ALWAYS expendable) - diversity in types and structures of macromolecular components - carbs - some associated with virulence |
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ETEC |
enterotoxigenic - watery D+ in neonatal farm animals - not invasive - enterotoxins - ST & LT - adhesin - K88, K99 |
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EPEC |
enteropathogenic - neonatal D+ in humans and other animals - can be invasive for eneterocytes - no known toxins - adhesin - bundle forming pili |
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EHEC |
engerohemorrhagic - bloody discharge; weanling enteritis; edema - moderately invasive for enterocytes - shiga and other toxins produced - adhesin - eae gene and others |
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EIEC |
enteroinvasive - dysentery in higher primates; intense inflammatory response - highly invasive for colonic epithelium - toxins not known - adhesin - not known but virulence plasmid req. |
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e. coli characteristics |
Lac +; Indole +; motile; plump rods |
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heat-labile enterotoxin |
subunit B attaches to epithelium of small intestine which faciliates entry for subunit A which activates adenylate cyclase
intense hypersecretion of water/chlorides and prevents reabsorption of sodium |
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heat-stable enterotoxin |
inverted repeats transposable activates guanylate cyclase stimulating hypersecretion |
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swine adesins |
K88, K99, 987P, F41 |
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calf & lamb adhesins |
K99, F41 |
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iron sequestration mechanisms |
colicin V plasmid (CoIV)
aerobactin - can sequester iron |
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K1 capsular antigen properties (3) |
1 - provides serum resistance
2 - repeating unit allows for disguise
3 - anti-phagocytic |
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virulence factors of e. coli (4) |
iron sequestration; hemolysis; serum resistance; adhesins |
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neonatal enteritis in swine |
ETEC - LT and/or ST + K88 - watery D+ first 12 hours - high mortality |
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weanling enteritis in swine |
ETEC - LT/ST but no adhesin - lower mortality than neonatal - usually hemolytic |
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edema disease in swine |
EHEC - vasoactive toxin causes toxemia - edema, neuropathy, angiopathy - high mortality - shiga-like toxin required for virulence |
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nonspecific enteritis in calves |
EPEC - no enterotoxin or virulence factors - white scour |
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ETEC in calves |
- ST & K99 - severe D+, dehydration, acidosis, death - white scour |
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systemic e. coli infection in calves |
EPEC & ETEC - becomes systemic when not receiving colostrum - endotoxic shock - no dehydration |
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enteritis in lambs |
EPEC - nonspecific - no enterotoxins |
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systemic e. coli infection in lambs |
- systemic colibacillosis - generalized or localized |
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e. coli in poultry |
- systemic infection in broiler chicks (5-12wk) - colonizes URT - spreads to LRT causing airsacculitis and pneumonia - ColV+ |
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e. coli in cows |
Bovine Mastitis - opportunitistic infection of mammary eipthelium - confined to lumen of teat - environmental - inflammation due to endotoxin release |
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Klebsiella characteristics |
lac +; indole -; nonmotile rod; capsular |
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Klebsiella diseases |
mares - non-ascending urogenital infection
bovine/swine - environmental mastitis |
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Enterobacter characteristics |
lac +; indole -: motile rod; nonencapsulated |
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Salmonella characteristics |
lac -; indole -; motile |
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Salmonella dublin |
*cow - watery D+, abortion
pigs - enteritis; meningioenchphalitis
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Salmonella typhimurium |
horse (most common) - acute or chronic D+
cows - watery D+
pigs - enteritis |
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Salmonella equi |
*horses - not very common |
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Salmonella choleraesuis |
*pigs - acute D+, septicemia |
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Salmonella pullorum |
*poultry - bacillary white D+ - ingested or transmitted ovarially - systemic; D+ but not bloody |
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Salmonella gallinarum |
*poultry - fowl typhoid |
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Proteus characteristics |
lac -: motile; urease +; swarming |
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Proteus mirabilis |
dogs - UTI; D+ in young animals - not typically pathogenic |
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Yersinia characteristics |
lac -; pleomorphic |
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Y. enterocolitica |
dogs - febrile D+; ileitis; mesenteric ln abcesses in liver, spleen; rare bacteremiaendocarditis - spread orally - enterotoxin Yst - public health concern |
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Y. pestis |
rodents; humans - plague - spread by flea bites - colonizes ln (bubo) or lungs (pneumonia) - aerosol transmission - black death - cyanosis |
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Y. pseudotuberculosis |
birds; rodents - similar to plague but transmitted by ingesting droppings - lesions on intestine or mesenteric ln - rarely transmitted to humans |
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Pseudomonas & Burkholderia characteristics |
obligate aerobe; oxidase +; motile; pigmented |
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Psuedomonas aeruginosa |
- accidental pathogen - lives in soil - may be caused be 3 LT exotoxins - requires severely debilitated host |
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Burkholderia pseudomallei |
dogs, rodents - melioidosis - pulmonary infection; fatal septicemia - lesion is caseous nodule in lung - metastasize - spread by inhalation/trauma - soil endosymbiont in tropical SE Asia - class A biodefense agent |
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Burkholderia mallei |
horses - glanders - lung lesions; spread by lymph - nodules under skin - spread by ingestion; inhalation or wound infection - virulent - eradicated from US |
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Pasteurallaceae characteristics |
short, gram -, rods, non-spore forming; catalase +; oxidase +; facultative anaerobes; usually motile; MacC -; opportunistic pathogens |
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Enterobacteriaceae characteristics |
small, gram -; non-spore-forming; rods; oxidase -; facultative anaerobes |
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Pasteurella characteristics |
encapsulated strains more virulent; hyaluronic capsular type A; require debilitated host |
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Pasteurella multocida |
cows - shipping fever pigs - swine plague; atrophic rhinitis sheep/goats - pneumonia; septicemia (blue bag) poultry - fowl cholera; airsacculitis rabbits - septicemia; snuffles |
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Mannheimia characteristics |
lac +; maltose +; hemolytic |
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Mannheimia haemolytica |
cows - shipping fever - more fibrous pleuropneumonia than P. multocida
sheep - pneumonia; septicemia |
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Actinobacilus characteristics |
pleomorphic; gram -; catalyst/oxidase variable; urease +; ferment sugars without gas |
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Actinobacillus lingieresii |
cows/sheep - wooden tongue - normal commensal of buccal mucus membrane - spread by trauma forcing organism into deeper tissue - tumors, lobar masses in lower jaw/neck |
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Actinobacillus equuli equuli |
foals - infection via umbilicus or birth canal - normally found in repro tract - septicemia; severe enteritis; purlent nephritis |
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Actinobacillus equuli hemolytica |
adult horses - suppurative pneumonia in horses debilitate from over training - normally found in pharynx |
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Actinobacillus suis |
pigs - fatal septicemia in piglets 1-8 wks old - normally commensal in URT & genitals |
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
pigs - swine pneumonia (well studied!) - normally commensal in URT - some strains need V factor for growth - economic importance - 2 toxins (leukotoxin & urease) |
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V factor |
NAD |
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X factor |
porphyrins |
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Hemophilus characteristics |
gram -; facultative anaerobes; rods; some indole +; some can use N2 instead of O2; fastidious - require X and/or V factor - chocolate agar |
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Hemophilus paragallinarum |
chickens - fowl coryza (avian pneumonia) - lesions from acute inflammation of turbinates and sinus epithelium - disrupt trachea without infiltration/airsaculitis |
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Hemophilus parasuis |
pigs - glasser's disease - works with swine influenza (same symptoms) - polyserositis, fibrinous inflammation of serous surfaces - affects piglets before/during weaning |
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Hemophilus somnus |
cows - menigoencephalitis - horizontal transmission - lesions of fibrinous meningitis with arterial thrombosis and necrosis - can also cause pneumonia and abortions |
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Francisella characteristics |
short, acapsular, microaerophilic bacillus |
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Francisella tularensis |
rodents/rabbits - tularemia (in people) - rabbit hunter's disease - infection by handling carcasses or eating infected food or infected water - requires cysteine for growth - public health issue - resembles plague (wildlife medicine) |
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Bordatella & Moraxella characteristics |
obligate aerobes; oxidase +; cannot use carbs as energy; blood loving; coccobaccili |
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Bordatella bronchiseptica |
dogs - kennel cough pigs - atrophic rhinitis - obligate parasite of URT - usually presents asumptomatically |
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Bordatella avium |
turkeys - coryza - snicking cough - conjunctivitis and sinusitis |
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Moraxella bovis |
cows - pink eye (infections keratitis) - simple conjunctivitis - sometimes invades orbit and causes blindness - transmitted by flies, direct contact, fomites - requires hemolysin & pili for virulence |
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Lawsonia intracellularis |
swine-intestinal adenomatosis; necrotis enteritis hamsters - wet tail - obligate intracellular parasite - slender, curved microaerophillic rod - adhesin - LsaA |
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Camplyobacter characteristics |
motile; helical (1-3 turns); cannot oxidize or ferment sugars; some fastidious and microaerophilic |
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Camplyobacter jejuni |
dogs - enteritis & abortion - fecal/oral route - can cause abortion - human food posioning - inhabitant of intestine of mammals/birds |
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Campylobacter fetus venerealis |
cows - venereal infertility/abortion - rare ascending infection - obligate parasite of cattle genitalia
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Camplyobacter fetus fetus |
cows/sheep - non-venereal abortion - latter half of gestation - access through ingestion - can be carried asymptomatically in intestine |
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Campylobacter coli |
pigs/poultry - enteritis - inhabitant of intestine of swine/poultry/humans |
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Arcobacter |
"campy" like - various domestics - occasional cause of abortion & D+ - usually commensal |
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Helicobacter pylori |
humans/animals - ulceration - risk factor for adenocarcinoma of distal stomach - peptic ulceration |
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Helicobacter felis/canis |
cats/dogs - gastritis - habitat is stomach of dogs, cats, ferrets |
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Helicobacter hepaticus |
lab animals - hepatitis & hepatocarcinomas - liver of mice |
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Helicobacter mustelae |
mice - gastritis |
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Spirochaetales characteristics |
very thin but very long; flexible; coiled shape; corkscrew motility; transverse fission; outer membrane has no endotoxic activity; gram - but can't stain well |
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Borrelia characteristics |
longer/thicker microaerohile; require serum in media; arthropod vector; relapsing fever
member of Spriochaetales |
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Borrelia burgdorferi |
dogs/humans - Lyme disease - reservoirs = white-tailed deer, white-footed mouse - transmitted by ticks - antigenically stable in blood - present with lameness |
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Borrelia recurrentis/hermsii |
Humans - relapsing fever - transmission by lice or single infection by ticks |
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Borrelia theileri |
horses/sheep - mild relapsing fever |
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Borrelia anserina |
fowl - avian spirochetosis - systemic infection - depression, profuse D+, death |
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Leptospira characteristics |
long, thing, tightly coiled; hook end; obligate aerobic; slow-growing; needs protein-rich media; cannot use carbs or aa for energy; energy from fatty acid oxidation; cannot use exogenous pyrimidines for DNA synthesis |
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Leptospira interrogans - serovar icterohaemorrhagiae |
*rodents; cows, dogs, pigs, horses - accumulate in nephritic ducts; shed in urine - transmission via mucus membrane/skin break - septicemia, interstitial liver, spleen, brain serum - redwater disease - calves - persist in regions w/little antigenic protection |
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Leptospira interrogans - serovar grippotyphosa |
*rodents; cows, dogs, pigs - accumulate in nephritic ducts; shed in urine - transmission via mucus membrane/skin break - septicemia, interstitial liver, spleen, brain serum - redwater disease - calves - persist in regions w/little antigenic protection |
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Leptospira interrogans - serovar canicola |
*dogs; cows, pigs - kidney issues; uremia - more in males - acute: icterus, uremia, fever, prostration, death - milder: icteric; uremic (Stuttgart disease) - rare in cats |
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Leptospira interrogans - serovar pomona |
*cows, *pigs; horses, sheep, seals - pigs: fever, anorexia, abortion, infertility - horses: accidental (uveitis) - sheep/goats: fatal in lambs |
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Leptospira interrogans - serovar hardjo |
*cows - fever, anorexia, decreased milk production - mild-drop syndrome - abortion, decreased fertility |
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Leptospira interrogans - bratislava |
*pigs; horses, seals
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Brachyspira & Treponema characteristics |
aerotolerant anaerobes; thin, loose coils; less actively mobile; can use glucose but require fatty acids; usually hemolytic; relatively fast-growing for spirochetes; most penicillin resistant; oral cavity, GI tract and genital region |
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
pigs - swine dysentery (bloody scours) - transmitted by feces - dehydration; acidosis; death - colonic D+ by invasion/inflammation of colonic epithelium |
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Treponema paraluiscuniculi |
rabbits - rabbit syphilis (Vent disease) - spread venereally - superficial lesions in genital region
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Brucellaceae characteristics |
small; aerobic; gram -; coccobacilli; nonmotile; non-spor-forming; metobolically inactive; smooth, mucoid and rough variants; facultative intracellular parasite of erythritol-producing animals - public health issue for dairy cows |
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Brucella abortus |
cows - brucellosis - abortion and epididymitis - generalized infection of reticuloendothelial system but localized to placenta/genitalia - shed in milk - abortion, stillbirths, premature/weak calves |
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Brucella suis |
pigs - not common - spread venereally or by feed contaminated with urine - abortion, metritis, spondylitis, lameness, paralysis - infects slaughterhouse workers |
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Brucella melitensis |
sheep/goats - similar to cows - original isolate in soldiers of malta - Malta fever - brucellosis in humans |
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Brucella ovis |
sheep- abortions; epididymitis - transmitted venereally - rams more easily infected - systemic component usually subclinical |
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Brucella neotomae |
rodents - naturally infective only for rodents |
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Brucella canis |
dogs - abortion; epididymitis - clinical signs of systemic infection - shares antigens with B. ovis - transmitted venereally or consumption |
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Rickettsiales characteristics |
most fastidious; obligate intracellular pathogens - will NOT grow in lab; gram -: small rods; usually arthropod vector |
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Anaplasma marginale & centrale |
ruminants - Bovine Anaplasmosis - inclusions in RBCs - affects endothelial cells in cytoplasm - inclusions maginally/centrally located - anemia - transmitted by ticks or horse flies |
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum |
horses; humans - ehrlichiosis - infects granulocyte cells - tick-born; relatively mild - febrile/wasting disease - resolves spontaneously in a few weeks - older horses more susceptible |
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Ehrlichia ruminatum |
ruminants - heartwater disease - infects endothelial cells - widespread edema & hemorrhages - Africa/Caribbean only |
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Ehrlichia canis |
dogs/humans - CME acute to chronic - vector and reservoir is brown dog tick but needs to feed on infected animal to maintain infection - recurrent fevers & anorexia/wasting - infects monocytes & lymphocytes |
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Neorickettsia risticii |
horse - potomac fever; equine ehrlichiosis - infects mononuclear cells - fever, profuse D+; abortion; high mortality - not contagious - fluke/snail cycle transmission |
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Rickettsia rickettsii |
humans/rodents/dogs/birds - rocky mountain spotted fever - infects endothelial cells - febrile disease; infection from thrombi; hyperplasia of vascular endothelial cells - endotoxin is important
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Chlamidiaceae characteristics |
obligate intracellular pathogens - infect epithelial cells; gram -; development cycle alters between elementary body & reticulate body |
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Chlamydophila psittaci |
birds/humans - avian chlamydosis - ocular, respiratory or systemic - inapparent to rapidly fatal - profuse D+; wasting; enlarged spleen/liver, airsacs and lungs - transmissible to humans: ornithosis - recovered birds become carriers |
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Chlamydophila abortus |
sheep/cattle - enzootic ovine abortion - primary conjunctuvitis and polyarthritis OR - genital tract infection - transmitted fecally or venereally - congenitally infected lambs do poorly - no sign other than abortion |
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Chlamydophila pecorum |
cattle/sheet - sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis - little known about transmission or pathogenesis - gross lesions not conspicuous but diffuse meningoencephalitis present on microscopic exam |
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Chlamydophila caviae |
guinea pigs - infections conjunctivitis |
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Chlamydophila felis, suis |
cats/pigs - feline/swine chlamydiosis - conjunctivitis - only occasionally pneumonitis |
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Coxiella burnetii |
- similar to ehrlichiaceae - Q fever in humans (vets working with feral cats) - inhalation, ingestion or arthropod bites - obligate intracellular life cycle - spore-like state facilitates aerosol spread |
