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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pneumocystis carinii
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Fungi that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients
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Candida albicans
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Fungi that causes thrush and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients
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Epidermophyton floccosum
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Causes ringworm
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Schistosoma mansoni
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Schistosomiasis
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Trypanosoma brucei
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Sleeping sickness
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What re the mucosal surfaces
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Airway, GI tract, Reproductive tract
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Describe the course of an acute infection
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1. Establishment of disease
2. Induction of adaptive response 3. Adaptive immune response 4. Immunological memory |
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At what stage of the course of an infection does the innate immune response functions
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During the establishment of the infection. This prevents continous infection cycles
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What is innate or natural immunity
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It's an inborn or natural immunity that is genetically determined and passed on to progeny
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What is adaptive or acquired immunity
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Develops and changes during the lifetime if an individual based on the exposure to the various organisms
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What are the components of adaptive immunity
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Cell mediated immunity through the tcells and humoral immunity mediated by antibodies
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What kind of molecules are antibodies
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Glycoproteins Produced by plasma cells
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What is the trigger that makes b cells into plasma cells
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Antigenic stimulation
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What are the antigen presenting cells
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D.C, macs and b-cells
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Which are the effector cells
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Neuts, macs, NK cells, effector T and B cells
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What is the role of surfactant in the innate immune response
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They function as opsonins which enhancenthe efficiency of phagocytosis
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What is the role of salivary enzymes in the innate immune system
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They cleave the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
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What is alpha defensin
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Cryptidine made by the paneth cells of small intestine. Kills bacteria, fungi and viruses by perturbing their membrane
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What are the beta defensins
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Made by the epithelial cells of the epidermis of the GI and Respiratory tract. Skills bacteria, fungi, and viruses by perturbing their membrane
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What are the other mediators of the immune response
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Cytokines
Chemokines Complements |
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What is PAMP
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Pathogen associated molecular pattern. This is the molecular signature of a particular group of organisms
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What are PRR's
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They are pattern recognition receptors and they recognize PAMP
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What is the importance of manose and LPS
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Manose and LPS are are specific signatures of fungi and gram- bacteria and are recognized by manose and TLR 4 receptors
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What is the role of the inflammatory reaction
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1. Deliver effector cells and molecules to site of infection to augment killing
2. Provide physical barrier to prevent spread of infection 3. Promote repair |
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What is the role of cytokines in an inflammatory reaction
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1. Causes dilation of blood capillaries which increase blood flow. Causing the area to be warm and red
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How to cytokines and chemokines recruit cells at the site of injury
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They up regulate adhesion molecule expression on the endothelium to attract inflammatory cells
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Why do we have pain at the site of injury
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1. Gaps in between endothelial cells allow blood plasma to leak in and cause pressure on nerves
2. Prostoglandins are also powerful pain producers |
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What are the effector mechanisms of innate immune response.
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1. Tissue resident macs eat pathogen and release cytokines and chemokines to induceinflammatoryresponse
2. Neuts and NK cells are recruited at the site of infection to enhance the immune response 3. Complement works As a tag and enhances performance of effector cells and damages pathogen cell membranes |
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What are the characteristics of innate immunity
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1. Fixed, no adaptation
2. Immediate 3. Non specific 4. Does not improve over time 5. Can discriminate between self and non self |
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How do tcells and bcells receptors generated
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Random somatic recombination (t and b)
Somatic hypermutation (b-cells) |
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Describe the variable region of an antibody
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Located at amino terminus, it's variable and contains the antigen binding site
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Describe the constant region of an antibody
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Identical among different Igs, binds to cell surface receptors on phagocytes and inflammatory cells
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How many isotopes of antibodies are there and what is the base for their differences
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Ig MADGE And they are separated on basis if their constant region
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Which are the cell surface receptors and what do they do
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M, D and they are antigen receptors
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Which are the secreted antibodies and what do they lack
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igG and it lacks transmembrane region
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What do Abs recognize
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Intact components of of pathogen surface like glycoproteins or peptidoglycans.
These are either AA clusters carb groups or a combination of both |
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What do TCR recognize
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Peptides presented to them bound to MHC molecules by APC cells.
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What kind of peptides will MHCI present and to whom
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Virus or intracellular bacteria that use cells machinery. They are presented to CD8 T cells
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What kind of peptides will MHC II molecules present and to whom
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MHC II presents peptides that are ingested by macrophages to Th1 and Bcells to Th2
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What kind if cells atr the TH cells
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CD 4
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What is neutralization
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When antibody binds intact pathogens or toxins and neutralizes their function by inhibiting growth, replication or interaction with cells
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What is opsinization
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When IgG coats the surface of extracellular pathogens and facilitates their engulfment by phagocytes which carry receptors for the constant region of Ab molecules
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What is complement activation
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When ag/Ab complex activates the complement protein which opsonizes the pathogen and facilitates engulfment by phagocytes
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What is the difference in IgG mediate opsinization and IgM mediated opsinization
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When Ab is IgG you get both Kinds of opsonization through phagocytosis and complement activation and phagocytosis. When IgM is there you only get complement deactivation because phagocytes do not recognize IgM constant region
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Where does the positive selection of T-cells takes place and what is the criteria for survival
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Takes place in the cortex by the thymus and it allows only those t-cells with strong th1 and th2 binding to survive
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Where dies the negative selection of tcells take place and what is the criteria for selection
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Takes place in the thymic medulla and only those that bind too strongly with MHC are Killed
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Where does b-cell selection occur and what is it's criteria
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B cells selection occurs in bone marrow and those with Ig receptors that bind strongly to bone marrow are eliminated
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What do Tcells do when activated in response to specific antigenic stimulation
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1. Activate macs Th1
2. Activate bcells Th2 3. CTLs kill virally infected cells |
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What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity
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1. Tailored to specific pathogen
2. Slow to develop 3. Response confers immunity agains the pathogen the response was mounted to 4. Immunological memory allows for a faster and stronger secondary response 5. Has the ability to recognize self vs non self 6. It's diverse and can respond to a variety of immune challenges |
