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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 major functions of activated innate immunity?
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Complement activation, inflammation and cell activation (cytokine and lymphokine and phagocytosis)
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What type of cell activation is involved in innate immunity?
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Cytokine and lymphokine production and phagocytosis
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What (generally) stimulates the innate immune system?
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Patter recognition
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What are some non-cellular effects of pattern recognition in innate immunity?
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Bind to C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectins and LPS trigger complement
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What are some cellular effects of pattern recognition in innate immunity?
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Phago by macrophages and PMNs, Production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen molecules and killing by NK cells
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What disrupt microbial membrane, block DNA, RNA, protein synthesis?
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Defensins (antimicrobial peptide)
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A single protein, has chemotactic activity for neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells, and T cells; degranulates mast cells; and, promotes wound healing
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Cathelicidin (antimicrobial peptide)
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Bind to polysaccharide on S. pneumoniae and to phosphoryl choline on many microbial surfaces and act as opsonins.
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C-reactive proteins
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High levels of what are associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease?
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C-reactive protein
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They direct complement to attack the microbes to which they bind.
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Mannose binding lectins
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Name 2 antimicrobial peptides
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Defensins and Cathelicidin
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Name 2 acute phase response proteins
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C-reactive protein and mannose binding lectins
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Responsible for recognition and binding to patterns present in/on viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi
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TLRs
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What is in the extracellular domain of a TLR?
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leucine-rich repeats
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Where are most TLRs found?
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Macrophages, PMNs and B cells
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Where are the monomer TLRs found?
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Internal compartment
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Heterodimer TLRs
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1,2 and 6
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Homodimer TLRs
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4 and 5?
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Monomer TLRs
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3,7,8 and 9
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What activates NFkB?
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Ligand binding to TLR which activates phophorphylating second messengers
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What response to TLR signaling causes the production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukins and other cytokines?
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Expression of pro-inflammatory genes by NFkB
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What 3 things does the activation of the transcription factor NFkB cause?
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Expression of pro-inflammatory genes, > phagocytosis and > efficiency of antigen presentation
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Name the 3 complement pathways
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Classical (adaptive), Lectin and Alternate (both innate)
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Which complement pathway utilizes adaptive immunity?
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Classical pathway
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What makes up the bulk of the pore in a membrane of bacteria?
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C9
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What activates factors responsible for the respiratory burst in PMNs and macrophages?
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C3a, C4a and C5a
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What cause mast cells and basophils to degranulate releasing large quantities of histamine (vascular collapse and shock)?
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C3a, C4a and C5a
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What parts of complement are cehmotactic?
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C3a, C4a and C5a
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What activates factors that cause PMNs and macrophages to degranulate?
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C3a, C4a and C5a
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Name the potency of the Cas
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C5a > C3a > C4a
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Deposited on any surface with an exposed amine or hydroxyl, such as a bacterium and act as opsonins
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C3b and C4b
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How are C3b and C4b down-regulated?
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By decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and Soluble factors Factor H, Factor 1, and anaphylatoxin inactivator
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Acts as a focal point for the deposition of C6-C9
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C5b
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The critical part of the membrane attack complex that punches a hole in the cell wall or cell membrane killing bacteria.
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C9
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What down-regulates C5b?
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protectin and HRF
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Deficiencies in C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, and C2
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lupus, glomerulonephritis and vasculitis due to a lack of C3b AND Increased incidence of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections because of reduced opsonization
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Deficiencies in what are most severe?
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C3
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Increased immune-complex disease and recurrent bacterial infections.
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C3 deficiency
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Deficiencies in C5 and the membrane attack complex lead to
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recurrent Neisseria infections
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Deficiency in what causes hereditary angioedema, a disease with trauma-induced or spontaneous edema
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C1 inhibitor (C1Inh)
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What are the 4 hallmarks of inflammation?
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Edema, hyperthermia, local hypoxia and extravasation (influx of WBC)
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What does histamine do?
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> vascular permeability
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What does prostaglandin E2 do?
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> VP and vasodilation
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What does Leukotriene D2 do?
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neutrophil chemotaxis, > VP
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What does Leukotriene D4 do?
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> VP
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Basophil and Mast cell degranulation by C5a may activate what?
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Histamine, Prostaglandin E2, Leukotrienes D2 and D4
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What does TNF and IL-1 do?
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Causes fever, stimulates expression of E-selectin
(IL-1 VERY potent at causing fever) |
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What does IL-8 do?
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chemotaxis
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Where do TNF, IL-1 and IL-8 come from?
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Macrophages
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What does IFN-gamma do?
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activation of phagocytic cells and NK cells
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Primary phagocytic cells in the blood and the 1st to arrive to a site of inflammation or infection
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PMNs
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A phagosome fuses with what to form a what in PMNs?
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fuses with granules to form a phagolysosome
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PMNs have receptors for what?
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Fc portion of antibodies
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Anti-parastiic
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eosinophils
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What do eosinophils release to reduce the inflammatory response and reduce PMN recruitment?
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release histaminase and aryl sulphatase that inactivate histamine and leukotrienes
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If eosinophils cannot "calm things down," what happens?
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C5a and C3a activate the eosinophil to degranulate
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What do basophils and mast cells express?
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receptors for IgE, thus have IgE on their surface
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Mediators of the delayed reaction of the allergic response
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Basophils
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Mediators of the immediate reaction of the allergic response
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Mast cells
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What do both basophils and mast cells release?
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Proinflammatory cytokines and preformed histamine when IgE on surface is cross-linked by antigen
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What activates basophils and mast cells to degranulate?
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C5a and C3a
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What do basophils and mast cells synthesize and release?
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PG and leukotrienes
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Monocytes in the liver
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Kupfer cells
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Monocytes in the brain
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microglial ells
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Monocytes in the lung
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bronchial alveolar macrophages
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Horseshoe shaped nucleus
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monocytes
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long-lived cells
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monocytes
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Major producers of cytokines and lymphokines
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Monocytes
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Antiviral properties
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IFN
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Mediators of fever
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IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha
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Activates NK cells and CD4 Th1 helper T cells
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IL-12
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Prodigious phagocytic cells
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monocytes
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Activate monocytes to phagocytize and kill
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Prodigious phagocytic cells
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AKA large granular lymphocytes
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NKC
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What type of immunity do NKC participate in?
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innate
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How do NK cells recognize damaged cells?
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By their deficiency in MHC antigens (HLA in humans)
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What activates NK cell killing function?
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IFN (esp IFN gamma)
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What activates NK cells to secrete cytokines, principally IFN-gamma?
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IL-12 and TNF-alpha
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Lack of GM-CSF, frequent bacterial infections
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Congenital neutropenia (GM-CSF is an indicator that says "make neutrophils")
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G6PD
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unable to produce NDAPH by PPP, thus buildup of reduced glutathione, no ractive species and RBC denaturation and hemolysis
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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inability to produce hydrogen perozide and hypochlourus acid (cannot kill phagocytosed bacteria)
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Lack of integrin subuint, the common beta chain
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LAD (Inability to recruit innate immune cells to site of inflammation)
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Reduced ability to remove immunocomplexes
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Complement defects
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Defect in LYST
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Chediak-Higashi
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