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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Effective immune clearance depends on |
1. Presence of a competent immune system 2. Virulence factors produced by the microbe |
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2 major categories of immune deficiencies |
1. Primary immune deficiency Improper foetal development of one or more components of the immune system Often inherited
2. Secondary immune deficiency Caused by damage to otherwise normal immune system |
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B cell deficiency example |
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (B cells never mature and no antibodies secreted)
Susceptible to extracellular bacteria |
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Example of T cell deficiency |
Congenital thymic hypoplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - inadequate development of thymus gland
Susceptible to viruses, intracellular bacteria and parasites |
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Phagocyte defects lead to susceptibility in what? |
Extracellular bacteria and fungi |
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Opsonins available |
C3b binds to C3b receptor IgG antibody binds to antibody receptor |
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Cause of CF? |
Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance reguator (CFTR) |
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Signs of HIV infection |
1. Low CD4+ T cell count 2. Not undergone immunosuppressive therapy 3. Not been diagnosed with congenital immune disorders (older than 13 usually) 4. One or more AIDs defining conditions (list of diseases) |
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Examples of some AIDs defining conditions |
Mycobacterial infections (avium, tuberculosis) Candiasis of bronchi, trachea, lungs, esophagus CMV Recurrent pneumonia |
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Relationship between TB and HIV |
Someone who is HIV+ and infected with TB is 30 times more likely to become sick with TB than someone who is HIV-
TB is the leading cause of death in HIV+ patients, cause of 1/3 of all AIDs deaths |
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What occurs in primary TB? Secondary TB? |
Primary: - bacterial growth - granuloma formation - control of bacilliary growth and prevention of dissemination
Secondary: - reactivation - rapid bacilliary growth - may lead to death |
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MDR TB? XDR TB? |
MDR TB = multidrug resistant, does not respond to standard drug therapy well
XDR TB = extensively drug resistant, does not respond to second-line drugs developed |
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Spread of TB? Untreated, how many new infections from one person? |
Spreads through the air Each person with active TB infects on average 10-15 people every year |
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Infections that appear in an immunocompromised host |
CMV Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus species Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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What causes pneumonia in transplant recipients and HIV patients? |
Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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What is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients? |
Pneumocystis jiroveci |
