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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
call-exner body
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granulosa cells arranged haphazardly around a space containing eosinophilic fluid, characteristic of granulosa cell tumors
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chocolate cyst
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occurs in the ovaries when endometrial tissue is present, the chocolate color is the result of the cyclic menstrual bleeding
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deciduas
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term used for endometrial tissue during pregnancy, it forms the maternal side of the placenta under the influence of progesterone
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dysmenorrheal
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severe pain on menstruation
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dyspareunia
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difficult or painful sexual intercourse
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hematocolpos
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blood filled vagina
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hematometra
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blood filled uterus
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hematosalpinx
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blood filled fallopian tube
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hydrosalpinx
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fluid filled fallopian tube, usually due to distally blocked tube, most common cause is PID as a result of an ascending infection by chlamydia or gonorrhea
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hyperthecosis
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nests of lutenized theca cells in the ovarian stroma due to differentiation fo the ovarian interstitial cells into steroidogenically active lutenized stromal cells, severe hirsutism, virilzation
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koliocytosis
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prescence of binucleated squamous cells with a perinuclear halo; associated with a condyloma acuninata (HPV)
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kraurosis valvae
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narrowing of the introitus
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Krukenberg tumor
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secondary ovarian malignancy whose primary tumor site arose in the GI tract, often bilateral, charcterized by mucin secreting signet ring cells in the ovary
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leucorrhea
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thick whiteish vaginal discharge resulting from an inflammatory process or congestion of the vaginal mucosa, can be caused by an estrogen imbalance or a symptom of endometrial glandular epithelial tumors
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Meigs' syndrome
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triad of benign ovarian tumor, ascites, and right sided pleural effusion, the ovarian tumor may be a fibroma, thecoma, cystadeoma, or granulosa cell tumor
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menorrhagia
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abnormally heavy or extended menstrual flow
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metrorrhagia
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bleeding in premonopausal women, often referred to as spotting
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psammoma bodies
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calcifications commonly seen in and characteristic of ovarian serous tumors, do not imply benign or malignant
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pyometra
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pus accumulation in the endometrial cavity
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pyosalpinx
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a build up of pus within the fallopian tube, usually the result of untreated salpingitis from a precedign cervicitis, most commonly - gonorrhea and chlamydia
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reinke crystalloids
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Seen in Testicular Leydig Cell tumors, they are rod-shaped crystal-like structures with pointed or rounded ends present in the interstitial cells of the testes (Leydig Cells).
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Schiller-Duval body
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Papillary structures projecting into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, they are pathognomonic for endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and are present in approx. 50% of this type of tumor. May contain eosinophilic hyaline-like globules both inside and outside the cytoplasm that contain AFP and Alpha 1-antitrypsin.
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urethral caruncle
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a painful polypoid nodule of granulation tissue occurring at the urethral meatus secondary to epithelial atrophy; regresses rapidly with topical estrogen treatment
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development the internal genitalia is driven by the_____
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karyotype of the developing embryo
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the wolffian ducts form the______
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epididymis, vas deferns, and seminal vesicles
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the mullerian ducts form the ____
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fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina
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development of external genitalia is driven by ____
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hormones
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FSH promotes ____
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testicular spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle development and induces secretion of inhibin
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LH promotes ____ production
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androgen
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gartner cyst duct
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arises from remnant of the generated wolffian duct and occurs in the cervix and anterolateral vaginal wall submucosa
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imperforate hymen
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presents in puberty with no menstration, may be accompanied by hematocolpos, hematometra, and hematosalpinx
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hypospadias and epispadias
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produce partial urinary obstruction predisposing the patient to UTIs and are often associated with other genitourinary malformations such as crytorchidism and bladder exstrophy
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cryptorchidism
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failure of tesitis to descend into the scrotum and tends to be unilateral
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phimosis
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inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis, due to abnormally small preputial opening resulting form abnormal developmen of balanoposthis
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paraphimosis
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inability to replace the foreskin after retraction, generally due to constriction and swelling of the glans
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vaginal adenosis
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represents failure of glandular regression during fetal development, often precedes clear cell carcinoma
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vulvar granular tumors
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derived from Schwann cells, composed of large cells with prominent granular cytoplasm. Most are small and benign but they can induce a pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the overlying skin and histologically can closely resemble SCC
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Hiradenoma papilliferum
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another benign tumor derived from apocrine sweat glands on or between labia that can be mistaken for SCC histologically, but actually has 2 distinct cell layers.
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extramammary Paget disease
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presents as a red, crusted, well-demarcated lesion, usually on the labia majora in women who have a history of chronic pruritus and irritation, Unlike Paget disease of the breast, underlying adenocarcinoma is uncommon. Intraepithelial neoplasia may persist for years without lateral spread or invasion, but the prognosis is poor once it happens
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condyloma acuminata
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venereal warts caused by HPV 6 and 11 (both are sexually transmitted low-risk strains). They are most frequently seen on the cutaneous surfaces of the perineal and parianal skin and may also affect the vagina, cervix, and other mucosal surfaces. The verrucous condylomata show hyperkeratosis, perakeratosis, acanthosis, and koilocytosis of the epidermis
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balantitis
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inflammation of glans penis
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posthitis
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inflammation of the inner surface of the prepuce
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balanoposthitis
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due to poor hygiene and infection by pyogenic bacteria, phimosis is often a contributing factor
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lichen sclerosis et atrophicus (atrophic dystrophy)
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characterized by epithelial atrophy with loss of rete reidges overlying a hypocellular “collagenized” upper dermis and a band-like lymphocyte infiltrate. This disorder of probable autoimmune origin occurs primarily in the perivaginal, periclitoral, and perianal skin. Without treatment, kraurosis valvae may occur.
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lichen simplex chronicus (hypertrophic dystrophy)
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shows hyperkeratosis and acanthosis of the epidermis with a variable lymphocytic infiltration of the dermis, often representing a non-specific reaction pattern to chronic pruritis. If cytologic atypia occurs, the diagnosis moves into the realm of VIN.
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causes of acute cervicitis
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gonorrhea and chlaymidia, Gonorrhea is more commonly identified even though Chlamydia may be the more common etiologic agent. Post-partum, post-abortion, and post-trauma states allow for other opportunistic organisms to infect the area and spread via lymphatics, causing a less purulent exudation than Gonorrhea, which spreads over the mucosal surface. Acute cervicitis can lead to bacteremia, peritonitis, and/or bowel adhesions.
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causes of chronic cervicitis
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due to nonspecific lymphocytic infiltrates, is present is nearly all women. It appears as reddened granular cervical mucosa and may develop lymphoid follicles if severe (follicular cervicitis). Stenosis and obstruction of endocervical glands can result in Nabothian cysts, which give the endocervical canal a pebbly appearance.
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what are some cervical SCC evaulations?
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Pap smear, Schiller test, colposcopy
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what are the potential causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
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anovulatory cycle, inadequate luteal phase, irregular shedding
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acute endometritis
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uncommon, generally occurs in post-abortion or post-partum states when there have been retained fetal or placental parts. Microabscesses or neutrophilic destruction is present, and pyometra may occur if there is some obstruction of the endocervical canal
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chronic endometritis
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post-abortion or post-partum states or in association with IUDs, but 15% don’t have an identifiable underlying cause. Patients present with pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and/or infertility; exam shows the presence of plasma cells in the endometrial stroma
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adenomyosis
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the presence of endometrial tissue in the myometrium due to an abnormal downgrowth. This tissue isn’t responsive to cyclic hormonal changes, but can cause myometrial hypertrophy and uterine enlargement if extensive. Patients present with menorrhagia, menstrual cramps, or dyspareunia
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endometriosis
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presence of benign, potentially functional endometrial tissue outside of the uterus, commonly involving the ovaries, uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum, and pelvic peritoneum. It can occur anywhere however and is a significant cause of infertility and pain in patients.
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predisposing factors for endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial adenocarcinoma
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nulliparity, age, obesity, diabetes, history of infertility and anovulatory cycles.
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do leiomyosarcomas arise from existing leiomyomas?
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no
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