Igcse Urban Environments

Front 1

Name 2 push factors leading to population increase in the rural-urban fridge

Back 1

- Old, expensive housing
- Pollution
- Shortage of land to build on

Front 2

Name 2 pull factors leading to population increase in the rural-urban fringe

Back 2

- Larger, cheaper housing
- Spacious areas for companies to build on (more space for parking)
- Proximity to main roads and motorways

Front 3

Name 3 developments taking place on the rural-urban fringe

Back 3

- retail parks
- industrial estates
- business parks
- science parks

Front 4

What is a science park and why is it useful in the development of the rural-urban fringe?

Back 4

- area located close to a university where research takes place
- brings information and skilled workers to a new area
- encourages high-tech industries and businesses in the quaternary sector to locate close by

Front 5

Name 3 disadvantages of greenfield sites

Back 5

- farmland/recreation space lost
- attractive scenery lost
- wildlife habitats destroyed
- encourages suburban sprawl
- causes noise/light pollution in countryside

Front 6

Name 3 advantages of brownfield sites

Back 6

- revives old/disused urban ares
- services (water, electricity, gas) already in place
- no commuting needed
- reduces loss of countryside and prevents urban sprawl

Front 7

Name the 7 quality of life indicators in the multiple deprivation index

Back 7

- income, employment, health, education, access, crime, living environment

Front 8

Referring to this map, describe where deprivation is at its highest and explain why it occurs in these places

Back 8

- central and inner city areas: deprivation occurs due to old or bad quality housing/ high rise apartment blocks built after WW2 to house people moved as a result of slum clearance schemes
- some areas towards the edge of the city: deprivation occurs in the social housing estates built by the city for rent to poor citizens

Front 9

Name 3 ethnic minorities that have settled in London

Back 9

- Bangladeshis
- Jews
- Samalions

Front 10

Give 2 examples of developments taking place in Cambridge on the rural-urban fringe

Back 10

- Cambridge science park (for university and introduction of technology industry to the area and creates jobs)
- Airport (improves access)

Front 11

Briefly explain the cycle of poverty

Back 11

- poverty and deprivation are passed on from one generation to the next
- parents were badly educated and so the children don't receive decent schooling
- they, in turn, find it difficult to find work and so live off low wages
- their children are born into the same deprivation
- very difficult to improve circumstances

Front 12

Explain why the inner city has been in decline

Back 12

- originated as factory housing (small, terraced)
- many people moved out to the suburbs, leaving empty buildings which were occupied by poor families who couldn't afford to move to the suburbs
- 1960s redevelopment took place and high rise blocks were built but weren't maintained properly
- deindustrialisation contributed as factories were abandoned and brownfield sites were left

Front 13

What is urban regeneration?

Back 13

- investment to revive old, urban areas by improving what is there or clearing away and rebuilding

Front 14

What is urban re-imaging?

Back 14

- changing the image of an urban area and the way people view it

Front 15

How is the inner city being improved?

Back 15

- gentrification: old factory buildings are conserved to make flats and art galleries
- construction of gated communities (expensive housing)
- rebranding: help to sell an urban area to a new target market (such as young people)