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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
describe the menstrual cycle
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- Menstruation uterus lining is shed
- Ovulation ovum released from ovary - ovum dies if not fertilised - uterus lining continues to thicken |
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Describe fertilisation
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- the head of the sperm (the male nucleus) moves towards the nucleus of the ovum and the two fuse (join together).
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Describe the methods of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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- unprotected sex with an infected person
- contact with an infected person's blood - from mother to child, during pregnancy of childbirth - sharing syringes while injecting drugs |
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Describes the ways in which HIV/AIDS can be prevented from spreading
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- education programmes to prevent infections
- provision of antibiotics - have a medical check if any symptoms occur - use a condom for barrier protection - know the sexual history of their partners |
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Describe the function of the placenta
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- exchange of soluble materials such as foods, wastes and oxygen between mother and fetus physical attachment of the fetus to the wall of the uterus
- protection of fetus from mother's immune system - protection against dangerous fluctuations in mother's blood pressure |
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Describe the function of the umbilical cord
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- contains blood vessels which carry materials for exchange between mother and fetus.
- The cord connects the fetus to the placenta. |
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Describe the advantages of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk
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- human milk is low in bacteria and contains antimicrobial factors so that breast-fed infants suffer fewer infections
- human milk is low-cost - is delivered at body temperature - requires no preparation and breast-feeding encourages a social bond between mother and infant |
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Describe the disadvantages of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk
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- suckling may have a contraceptive effect
- bottle-feeding infants in the developing countries may have 10-15 times greater mortality than breast-fed babies. |
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Outline how HIV affects the immune system in a person with HIV/AIDS
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- immune system begins to fail
- fungal infection of the lungs |
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Indicate the functions of the amniotic sac
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- the membrane that encloses the amniotic fluid
- this is ruptured just before birth |
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Indicate the functions of the amniotic fluid
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- protects the fetus against
- mechanical shcok - drying out - temperature fluctuations |