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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What instruments operate from the pitot static system?
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Altimeter, VSI, Airspeed.
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How does the altimeter work?
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Wafers expand and contract with pressure changes and through shaft and gear linkage rotate pointers.
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What are the Altimeter limitations?
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Nonstandard pressure and temperature:
Warm day pressure is higher and altimeter indicates lower than actual. Cold day pressure is lower and the altimeter indicated higher than actual. Remember: High to low or hot to cold look out below. |
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What are the different types of aircraft speeds?
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Indicated: Read off the instrument
Calibrated: IAS corrected for instrument position errors obtained in the POH Equivalent: CAS corrected for adiabatic compressible flow at altitude…norm at 200kias above 20000 air compresses in front of the aircraft True: CASS corrected for nonstandard temp and pressure…obtained from a flight computer. TAS corrected for wind. Use the flight computer |
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Airspeed colors
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White arc: Flaps: bottom flaps down stall, top max speed with flaps down.
Green arc: normal range, bottom flaps up stall, top max speed rough air Yellow arc: structural warning area, bottom max airspeed for rough air, top never exceed. Red arc: never exceed |
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How does the VSI work?
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Changing pressure expand and contract a diaphragm through gears and levers to the indicating levers.
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VSI limitations
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Not accurate until the aircraft is stabilized. Abrupt changes in attitude cause erroneous readings.
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What's affected if the pito and drain hole freeze?
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Only airspeed's affected…acts like an altimeter.
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What's affected when static port freezes?
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Airspeed: accurate at altitude frozen…descending it reads higher…climbing it reads slower
Altimeter: indicates the altitude it froze at VSI: will indicate level flight |
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Standard temperature lapse rated?
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2° C per 1000' or 3.6° F per 1000'
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What is the freeze level if the temp is +6C at an airport elevation 1200'
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4200 msl: 6° ÷ 2 = 3 x 100 = 3000'AGL + 1200 elev = 4200'MSL freeze level
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What if the pito freezes? What if static freezes?
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For the Pito turn on pito heat on
For the Static use alternate break the glass on the VSI or Airspeed |
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What indications should you expect using the alternate?
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Altimeter will indicate higher, Airspeed greater, VSI a climb in level flight.
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What are the Gyro Instruments?
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AI, HI, TC
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How gyro powered?
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The HI and AI or vacuum driven and the T coordinator is electric
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How does the vacuum system operate?
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Vane type engine driven pump mounted on the accessory case of the engine.
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What does the turn coordinator provide?
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Displays the rate of turn. Slip: ball on the inside. Skid: ball on the outside.
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What are the limitations of the HI
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55º of pitch and bank will cause it to tumble
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What type of error on the HI (Heading Indicator)?
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precession 3º in 15 mins is normal…significantly greater may signal impending failure.
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Attitude Indicator hows it work and limitations?
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Gyro rigidity in space for operation. Bank limit is 100º and pitch is 60º if either is exceeded it will tumble or spill.
Some errors: rapid acceleration or deceleration may give a slight nose up or down indication or a 180º turn roll out may indicate a slight climb in the opposite direction. |
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Compass errors?
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Acceleration Errors:
A ccelerate N orth D ecelarate Turning Errors: U ndershoot N orth O overshoot S outh |
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Standard rate turn is 3 degrees per second.
It takes ____ to turn 180 degrees. A half standard rate turn is 1-1/2 degrees per second. It takes ___ to turn 360 degrees |
standard rate 60 seconds to turn 180...half standard rate takes 4 min to turn 360
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What do you do if you notice during taxi the VSI indicates a descent or climb you?
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Use that value as a zero indication
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Pitch Instruments
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Airspeed, Attitude, Altimeter and VSI. Altimeter — supplies the most pertinent altitude information and is therefore primary for pitch.
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Power Instruments
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Airspeed, RPM, Manifold Press. Airspeed Indicator — supplies the most pertinent information concerning performance in level flight in terms of power output, and is primary for power.
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Bank Instruments
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Turn Cooridinator, Attitude Indicator and HI. Heading Indicator—supplies the most pertinent bank or heading information, and is primary for bank.
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Stall, Landing Config. Vso Best Glide
Stall, Cruise Config. Vs Max. Flaps Extended Vfe Best Angle Climb Vx Max. Crosswind Best Rate Climb Vy Final Approach No Flaps Cruise Climb Final Approach Full Flaps Maneuvering Speed Va Usable Fuel 48 gal. Cruise @ 7,000 ft./75% Fuel Burn @ Cruise Max. Structural Cruise Vno Approximate Payload* 698 lbs. Never Exceed Vne |
Stall, Landing Config. Vso 57 Best Glide 85
Stall, Cruise Config. Vs 67 Max. Flaps Extended Vfe 115 Best Angle Climb Vx 76 Max. Crosswind 17 kt Best Rate Climb Vy 85 Final Approach No Flaps 85 Cruise Climb 100 Final Approach Full Flaps 76 Maneuvering Speed Va 129 Usable Fuel 48 gal. Cruise @ 7,000 ft./75% 143 Fuel Burn @ Cruise 10.5 gph Max. Structural Cruise Vno 140 Approximate Payload* 698 lbs. Never Exceed Vne 171 |
