Ids For Last Half Of Northern Freedom Struggle

Front 1

Eldridge Cleaver-

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* Leader of Oakland based BPP (Black Panther Party)(1966)* Staff writer for Ramparts magazine* Convicted felon so he had to keep his involvement with the party on the down low for awhile* Presidential candidate on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket in 1968, but after incident with police, was injured and then fled to Algeria

Front 2

“The Declaration of Washington”

Back 2

* Leaflet passed out at the WOWM in 1963 to promote idea of all black political party* It urged blacks to take control of their ‘destiny’ and vote for the Freedom Now Party (FNP) In 1964

Front 3

Milton Galamison

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* Reverend in Brooklyn Presbyterian church* Led challenge to politics and authority of New York City board of education* Worked with Parents Workshop for Equality, Citywide Committee for Integrated Schools * Staged series of boycotts in the board of education in order to integrate schools

Front 4

Richard Hatcher

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* Black nationalist Mayor of Gary, IN and one of the organizers for the Black National Political Convention in Gary in 1972* First black mayor of Gary and first in Indiana for that matter

Front 5

Stokely Carmichael-

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* Chairman of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)(1966)* Brought about idea of ‘black power’ crushing ‘white power’* Moved to Guinea in 69 and rejected the Black Panther Party saying that they had too strong of an affiliation with white radicals* One of the first to define the term institutional racism (he said it was the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin)

Front 6

Max Standford

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* Twenty-two year old college drop out who asked tough questions of veteran leaders* Started RAM (Revolutionary Action Movement), a fraternity of African American freedom struggles, promoting revolutionary nationalism

Front 7

“Ballot or the Bullet”

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* Malcolm X speech, given in 1964, during time when he is having growing conflicts with the nation of Islam and when he decides to define his own independent political orientation* He says that Black Nationalists ‘demand civil rights now, they aren’t going to wait for it, they want it yesterday, and that’s not fast enough.’* He defines Black Nationalism as ‘part in parcel of the radical black self-determination even in the face of ideological heresy.” Malcom wanted to hear new ideas and answers.* Emphasized how blacks had to fight for civil rights and urged them to vote, as a way to end discrimination

Front 8

NOI-

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The Nation of Islamreligious and social/political organization-founded in Detroit, Michigan by Wallace Fard Muhammad (succeeded by Elijah Muhammad, who let the NOI from 1934 until his death in 1975) in July 1930, with the self-proclaimed goal of resurrecting the Spiritual, mental, social, economic condition of the black man and woman of America and belief that God will bring about a universal government of peace.- Malcom X was a member from 1952-1964.- 1957, Johnson X (NY member of NOI) is beaten by police for criticizing them while they brutally beat a “black suspect,” Johnson received the highest police brutality settlement in the history in NYC’s history from an all white jury (9-11)- NOI made into household name by article in Amsterdam news entitled “God’s Angry Men Tangle with Police” (11)-“Even before the Johnson incident, the NOI had embarked on the long road from urban America’s black streets, to the center of racial discourse, a space it would claim for itself during the 1960s, as the Nation gradually downplayed religion and stressed economic uplift” (11)-“The NOI was, at least in a conventional sense, apolitical…emphasized the rebuilding of black dignity a pride through bootstraps rather than ballots.” (11)- “Its militant rhetoric defined white supremacy as African American’s punishment for defying religious prophecy. In the eyes of the Nation, white racism was the direct consequence of a wayward black people whose salvation lay in Allah’s chosen messenger: Elijah Muhammad.”

Front 9

Mae Mallory-

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In Waiting ‘til the Midnight Hour 28, 41, 49:-“a hard-nosed local activist who would face a stiff prison sentence for aiding [Robert F.] William’s escape to Cuba” in 1961 (28)- worked with Robert Williams- Harlem activist- was a Monroe Defendant* “As Mae Mallory explained, her role in the movement for equal education opportunities did not stem from a moral authority embedded in her maternal role. Quite to the contrary, she was motivated by a powerful desire to ensure that her daughter not be defined by her gender and race and relegated to the bottom of the social and economic ladder as a black woman. ‘I wanted both my children to get the best possible public education that they could,’ asserted Mrs. Mallory, ‘ because I wanted to break the cycle of women doing days work or factory work. She shared the belief of her Southern sister from Montgomery’s Women’s Political Council that “a woman’s duties do not end in the home, church or classroom.” (81)* “The school boycott and Polier decision underscored , as Mae Mallory put it, the ‘whole segregation myth’ in New York City.” (81)

Front 10

Malcolm X-

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born Malcolm little 1925. American Black Muslim minister and a one-time spokesman for the Nation of Islam. After leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964, he made the pilgrimage, the Hajj, to Mecca and became a Sunni Muslim. He also founded the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Less than a year later, he was assassinated in Washington Heights on the first day of National Brotherhood Week.- called many things: Pan-Africanist, father of Black Power, religious fanatic, closet conservative, incipient socialist, and a menace to society. The meaning of his public life — his politics and ideology — is contested in part because his entire body of work consists of a few dozen speeches and a collaborative autobiography whose veracity is challenged.... Malcolm has become a sort of tabula rasa, or blank slate, on which people of different positions can write their own interpretations of his politics and legacy.

Front 11

Robert Williams-

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writer, civil rights activist, president of the Monroe, N.C. chapter of the NAACP during the 50s and early 60s, promoted integration and armed black self-defense'
Williams would later be accused of kidnapping a white couple who accidentally drove through the black part of Monroe. He left the United States and would live majority of his life in exile; among the nations he lived in was Fidel Castro's Cuba, whose government he praised. The State of North Carolina eventually dropped the legal charges against Williams.-Williams challenged not only white supremacists but also Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights establishment. Forced to flee during the 1960s to Cuba--where he broadcast "Radio Free Dixie," a program of black politics and music that could be heard as far away as Los Angeles and New York City--and then China, Williams remained a controversial figure for the rest of his life.

Front 12

Lorraine Hansberry

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- “black activist” (202)- “…political protégé of Paul Robeson at the influential, although short-lived, periodical Freedom.” (26)- wrote the Broadway play A Raisin in the Sun: an “evocative depiction of a Black family on Chicago’s South Side.” (27)- “race and class confrontations play a part in the passionate temperament of characters, whose angst over relationships, insurance policies, and upward mobility are detailed. With a title inspired by a nugget of Langston Hughes’ poetic brilliance, A Raisin in the Sun tugged at America’s heartstrings, providing enough of a comfort zone for critics and fans to deflect Hansberry’s radical forays in Pan-Africanism, cultural nationalism, and women’s rights.”(27)- the play was made into a Hollywood film in 1961 starring Sidney Poitier (27)- her play “trumpeted the arrival of cultural nationalism destined to be associated almost exclusively with Black Power militants.” (28)- the play was “a watershed analysis of black life in Cold War America…” (28)- she was “smeared” in Harold Cruse’s The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual and referred to along with others as “a confused opportunist ultimately betrayed by their lack of commitment to racial struggle.” (202)

Front 13

Dobbins v. Commonwealth of Va.

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In Freedom North , Exposing the “Whole Segregation Myth”: the Harlem Nine and New York City’s School Desegregation Battles by Adina Black:-“Polier referred, for example, to a recent case in Virginia, Dobbins v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1957) in which the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia overturned the lower cout’s conviction of black parents for refusing to send their children to a racially segregated school on ground that the school was segregated and inferior. The Virginia Supreme Court argued that compulsory education laws, ‘cannot be applied as a coercive means to require a citizen to forego or relinquish his Constitutional rights.’” (75)

Front 14

X schools:

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Schools marked as difficult by the board of education. The ‘x’ was used as a code for ‘used by minorities’ as a result of this designation, the schools were given fewer resources and worse teachers.

Front 15

Louis Michaux-

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-Malcolm X sought advice from Michaux- an activist that participated in Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association-His National Memorial bookstore (nicknamed the House of Common Sense and Home of Proper Propoganda) became the site of Malcolm’s popular outdoor rallies. Was the also the site in which mourners of Malcolm’s assassination gathered to commemorate his passing.

Front 16

Jesse Gray-

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-notable civil right figure-leader of the Harlem rent strike-predicted the war for racial equality would be a street fight

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ACT

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-featured notable local and national figures whose militancy placed them on the margins of the civil rights movement

Front 18

OAAU

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-Organization of Afro-American Unity-founded by Malcolm X-inspired by African politics overseas

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Julius Hobson-

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CORE activist

Front 20

Harlem Nine

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Nine Harlem mothers who kept their children out of local schools due to abysmal school standards. Named the Harlem Nine because of press comparison to the Little Rock Nine. Charged with breaking state law, four were initially found guilty, but in another case two were found innocent, and the judge charged the schools with unequal treatment of black schools.

Front 21

"Proportioned Underground Warfare"-

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* an address given in 1964 by Milton Henry. * He spoke to the Friday Night Socialist Forum * He talked about fighting a superior force o Using havoc to create changeo To become black guerillas and show through any means necessary that blacks wanted to get absolute and complete freedomo To use force to show that they willed be heard+ He aimed to blow up buildings to prove a point

Front 22

Gloster Current-

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He ran the youth branch of NAACP * Helped Ella Baker run the NAACP branch in New York

Front 23

Robert Carter-

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* a civil rights activist and judge* grew up in NJ* attended Lincoln University, in PA* went to Howard law school and then Columbia o he wrote a master's thesis that would later define the NAACP's legal strategy on the right to freedom of association under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution* he and the NAACP did not get along in the later years

Front 24

FHA-

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* a civil rights act in 1968* also called the Fair Housing Act* prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap and family status* President Lyndon Johnson signed it* Became a law on April 11, 1968

Front 25

Bayard Rustin:

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aid to Martin Luther King, preached non violence, a black socialist born in the Caribbean, a mentor to Carmichael, a founder of SCLC, dismissive of black power as being "both utopian and reactionary," and that black aims for political power outside the democratic party were useless, criticized Carmichael’s "extravagant rhetoric," believed in an interracial coalition. December 1966 he met with Carmichael to debate at Hunter College. "When it came to the subject of Black Power, Carmichael and Rustin talked past each other. Rustin's diverse identities as as a radical pacifist, social democrat, homosexual, and movement philosopher made him regard Black Power as a tragic retreat from an optimistic universalism at the core of his personal and political history."

Front 26

Muslim Mosque Inc.:

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1964, Malcolm X's independent political organization, born out of his split with from the Nation of Islam. Here he differentiated himself from Elijah Muhammad by claiming no otherworldly powers. He attempted to reconcile with civil rights leaders by stating that whites could be financially supportive (but uninvolved, as black unity was ultimate,) of the Mosque. Recommended that blacks form rifle clubs where the gov. was "unwilling or unable" to care for for its black citizens. Although the name "Muslim Mosque, Inc," was meant to be secular, it confused those who had followed Malcolm X from the NOI but wanted to keep with their faith. A few months after its creation, Malcolm founded a second group, The Organization of Afro-American Unity. (Joseph, p. 98)

Front 27

Harold Cruse:

Back 27

Black intellectual, went with the group of Black intellectuals "Fair Play" to Cuba in 1960. The trip was very inspiring to him, and he was inspired from this trip to write the influential article "Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American." He suggested that black americans needed an indigenous political orientation, that would bridge the gap between nationalism and Marxism, he called this "revolutionary nationalism." The example of how to do this was perfectly displayed in Cuba. 1963, was a representative of the Freedom Now Party, which notably denied that white involvement was a conspiracy effort to destroy black nationalism. in 1967 he wrote "the crisis of the Negro intellectual," which spurred an interest in black history and culture and inspired debate which lives on today.

Front 28

"The Hate that Hate Produced,":

Back 28

1959, TV series reported by mike Wallace, the first white journalist to feature an expose of black schools. The NOI and black nationals were cast as "obscure counterparts" to the southern White Citizens Council. He confronted other black leaders, Hulan Jack and Roy Wilkins, asking them why they had done so little to stop the movement. Basically, the program was hate-mongering towards the NOI and black nationals.

Front 29

UANM:

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The Universal African Nationalist Movement, founded This organization was led by Benjamin Gibbons for over twenty years. This is one of the numerous groups that was formed after the breaking up of the major "Back To Africa" movement—The Universal Negro Improvement Association, after the decline of Marcus Garvey, who was the most colorful and the most effective of all African nationalists of the 20th century. This group still uses Garvey's old slogan, "African for the Africans—those at home and those abroad."

Front 30

Field Negro v. House Negro-

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part of Malcolm X’s rhetoric describing the condition of Black America. The ‘house negro’ was associated with an ‘Uncle Tom’ attitude of appealing to white people and consequently living a privileged life. The ‘field negro’ was equated with the poor black who struggled in a white man’s world looking for employment and housing. This analogy used mainly in northern freedom struggle and not often noted in southern civil rights (114)

Front 31

McCarran act-

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“The Cold War inspired measure gave the federal government broad powers over individual travel and targeted suspected communists”, William Worthy first person tried under and was found guilty (47, 50)

Front 32

BARTS

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Black Arts Repertory Theatre and School- founded by LeRoi Jones 1965ish, combined young artists and writers with community activism, “used creative expression to educate and politicize Harlem’s poor”, encountered troubles regarding funding due to political nature of organization.(118-21, 214)

Front 33

John Killens-

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politically active novelist, social critic, member of Harlem Writers Guild, praised Lorraine Hansburry’s A Raisin in the Sun, member of FPCC (Fair Play for Cuba Committee). (15, 26-27, 29, 70, 108-9)

Front 34

Fannie Lou Hamer-

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southern born sharecropper turned civil rights activist, shared stage with Malcolm X. Criticized “chickeny black preachers” and “the Negro bourgeoisie and Ph.D.’s” for selling out the masses of blacks intent on pursuing power (114, 148)

Front 35

Harold Washington-

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1983 mayoral candidate in Chicago, won. Used grassroots organizing and optimistic rhetoric. Paralleled to Jesse Jackson. (302)

Front 36

National Black Political assembly-

Back 36

held in Gary Indiana 1972, espoused Unity without Uniformity, one of the most important events in Black Power era, peaceful and without police involvement, attended by a variety of groups with relations to black power/nationalism/identity, and Little Rock in 1974 less successful, more socialist, less elected officials (276-83, 289, 302, 303)

Front 37

William Worthy:

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Worthy was one of several journalists important in shaping Malcolm X’s public image and a member of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. All of his Cuban accounts were based on personal experience; during the early days of the revolution, he spent more time in Cuba than any other black American journalist. A foreign correspondent for the Baltimore-Washington Afro-American, he was considered the outstanding black foreign correspondent of his generation, traveling all over the world. He was also the first American tried under the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act and was a fugitive for several years, traveling without his passport. His name was cleared in 1964 when his indictment was thrown out.

Front 38

Grassroots Leadership Conference (GLC):

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From Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour. Key participants included William Worthy, Gloria Richardson, Albert Cleage, and Malcolm X (who delivered the keynote address, “Message to the Grassroots”). The GLC pledged support to the Freedom Now Party and the idea of running black candidates in local elections, and reflected early Black Power militancy.

Front 39

BAM:

Back 39

From Freedom North. BAM is the acronym for the Black Arts Movement. It was developed by Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) in Harlem and was the artistic branch of the Black Power Movement, lasting for about a decade. Through it, blacks became a greater presence in all areas of the arts.

Front 40

“Freedom Budget”:

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Unveiled by a coalition of civil rights, religious, and labor leaders, the brainchild of A. Philip Randolph was a $185 billion dollar budget that took 10 years to implement and an act of Congress to pass. It was supposed to help lift 34 million Americans out of poverty through increases in federal benefits, guaranteed annual income, and subsidies for health care, housing, and agriculture workers. It was also endorsed by Stokely Carmichael.

Front 41

Gloria Richardson:

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She was called the ‘Lady General’ of the civil rights movement, the leader of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee, and an affiliate with SNCC—she was also Stokely Carmichael’s mentor. She was militant, with a steadfast commitment to self-defense in the face of racial terror.

Front 42

De facto segregation:

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White resistance in the North was de facto segregation, a euphemism for a type of American apartheid that, while not sanctioned by law, was even more insidious. Racism’s effects in the North were seen as poor public schools, overcrowded housing projects, and high unemployment rates.

Front 43

Angela Davis,

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One of the most famous black activists of our time. She was involved with the communist party, was in SNCC and in the Black Panther Party. Perhaps most famous for her incarceration in 1971, Davis has since then gone on to be a successful academic, she is well published. She's also a lesbian.

Front 44

Meredith's March,

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Named after James Meredith who the first black student to attend the university of Mississippi. In 1966 he began to march from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. On the second day of his march he was shot by a concealed sharp shooter, and was unable to continue the march. While he recovered in the hospital, his march was taken up by SNCC and MLK himself. It became the March Against Fear. Meredith himself is currently a conservative republican.

Front 45

Black Panther Party for Self Defense,

Back 45

Founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966. It was and still is (with the possible exception of Malcolm X himself) the best known symbol of the Black Power movement. They supported militant, violent if necessary, resistance to oppression. Most notably by using armed members to patrol areas with histories of police violence.

Front 46

Kwame Nkrumah,

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Pan-African leader, founder and president of Ghana. He was born in that area, then called the Gold Coast, but traveled to the U.S. in the 1940s. After his return to his homeland he began political organizing with Ghanaian independence in mind. In 1957 he was successful. Eventually, probably due to his commitment to African self-determination, the CIA organized a coup and overthrew his regime. After that he receded into exile (under the care of Sekou Toure) in Guinea.

Front 47

Amilcar Cabral,

Back 47

Born in Portuguese Guinea, and educated in Portugal. He returned to Africa in the 50s and fought for Guinean independence with the PAIGC, which he helped form. (hopefully this won't be on the test)

Front 48

Sekou Toure,

Back 48

Born in (French) Guinea, he rose to power as president when that country gained independence(1958). He was a strong president who ruled his country instead of governed it. Political opposition was reportedly jailed, and he was scared of possible western conspiracy, that may have been valid considering what happened to his friend Kwame, to whom he granted safety in exile and a co presidency.

Front 49

Fidel Castro

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Current president of Cuba (prime minister before then). Well known for his role in the Cuban revolution and the following sticking it to the man that Cuba participated in. In our context he is known for his balling visit to New York city in 1960. After being upset with his original lodging, he switched to the Hotel Theresa in Harlem, to the enjoyment of it's residents. While he was there he was visited by many black leaders, including Malcolm X, and some world leaders, including Khrushchev. He was vocal about his disgust with American racism.

Front 50

Freedomways

Back 50

"While these groups expressed, to varying degrees, Black Power activism at the local level, five periodicals reflected the movement's burgeoning intellectual, literary, and political ambitions. In the early 1960s, Liberator, Soulbook, Negro Digest, Muhammad Speaks and Freedomways published political essays, literary criticism and poetry that provided the foundation for the movement's political thrust and the Black Arts' cultural and literary nationalism."

Front 51

Milton Henry

Back 51

Attorney and minister in Detroit, first vice-president of the RNA.

Front 52

James and Grace Lee Boggs

Back 52

The were Marxist, but unaffiliated who published and spoke in that vein. Part of the New Guard in Detroit – "A powerful challenge to the status quo in Detroit emerged through a network of black organizations with one common denominator: racial militancy as a means of social and political progress…" They were important allies for Reverand Albert Cleage Jr and writes for the journal Correspondence.

Front 53

Soulbook

Back 53

"While these groups expressed, to varying degrees, Black Power activism at the local level, five periodicals reflected the movement's burgeoning intellectual, literary, and political ambitions. In the early 1960s, Liberator, Soulbook, Negro Digest, Muhammad Speaks and Freedomways published political essays, literary criticism and poetry that provided the foundation for the movement's political thrust and the Black Arts' cultural and literary nationalism."

Front 54

William Jansen

Back 54

Superintendent of the Board of Education in New York. "…[and John Theobold], masked their objections to integration proposals in their advocacy of the "neighborhood school" policy.

Front 55

Harlem Writers Guild

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Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln's house was the meeting place – the writers guild was made up of many prominent faces, such as Maya Angelou. A liberal group of writers which kept creative engagement alive.

Front 56

Huey P. Newton –

Back 56

Co-founder and leader of The Black Panther Party for Self Defense. Was a Christian, so did not join the Nation of Islam, activist.

Front 57

NNLC—

Back 57

National Negro Labor Congress; established relationships with Communists (Joseph 3-4)

Front 58

Walk For Freedom—

Back 58

Protest movement of 1963 that took place a few months before the March on Washington; over 125,000 protestors; organized in Detroit, largely by Rev. Albert Cleage; took place just weeks after assassination of Medgar Evers, an NAACP field secretary (Joseph 82)

Front 59

C.L. Franklin—

Back 59

Reverend of the New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit; father of Aretha Franklin; with Cleage, formed the Detroit Council for Human Rights (DCHR); close friends with King (Joseph 75-76, 82, 87)

Front 60

Albert Cleage—

Back 60

Reverend from Detroit; integral in organizing Walk for Freedom; spokesman for New Guard, which advocated racial militancy as a means of social and political progress; principal leader behind Black Theology movement of late 1960s; known for the "blending of the practical and the prophetic" in his memorable sermons (Joseph 54-57, 59-62, 68-69, 73, 75-76, 83, 87, 90, 92, 93, 111, 185-186)

Front 61

FOI

Back 61

Fruit of Islam; the security unit of the Nation of Islam (NOI); confiscated weapons at religious services and led the congregational call-and-response (Joseph 10, 17)

Front 62

Milton Henry—

Back 62

part of core of New Guard, dreamed of starting a separate nation in the South with his brother Richard; changed name to Gaidi Obadele; co-founded Republic of New Afrika with his brother; a lawyer, political strategist, and businessman, he was one of Malcolm X's closest political allies; ran his own media company; had been in the Air Force but was dismissed; was at Grassroots Leadership Conference (Joseph 54-55, 57, 88, 107-108)

Front 63

Here I Stand –

Back 63

Paul Robeson published in 1958. Dramatized Africa's importance in World affairs and to the lives of African Americans. Advocated “Negro power” - mass independent action for African Americans. Ignored by white press, favorable coverage in some black newspapers.

Front 64

Alex Haley –

Back 64

Along with other black journalists, covered Malcolm X years before white press. Wrote X's autobiography, published in 1965. Offered a very different view of Malcolm and his struggle to reading public than those offered by mainstream media and by Malcolm himself in own public addresses. Interjected Malcolm's personal redemption and life journey into image of political rage. Joseph 15, 123

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Ossie Davis –

Back 65

and wife Ruby Dee introduced Malcolm to black intelligentsia, formed core of second tier celebrities (second-tier often because tarnished by Red-Scare) who “served as sounding board, secretfund-raisers, and confidants” for later career. Joseph 14-15

Front 66

Johnson X –

Back 66

Harlem 1957. Nation of Islam member beaten badly by police after asking them to stop beating a black suspect. When police refused to hospitalize him, a possibly riotous crowd formed outside the station. Malcolm mobilized Nation of Islam. As Fruit of Islam stood outside station in tight formation presenting an image of control, power, unity, and lack of fear, Malcolm negotiated for hospitalization. After Johnson was hospitalized and released, the FOI and unruly crowd remained. Malcolm dismissed them, underlining his immense power over FOI and Harlem crowd. Won then-largest police brutality settlement. Very covered by press, “for the first time the black man, woman, and child in the streets were discussing 'those Muslims.'”

Front 67

Julian Mayfield –

Back 67

Socialist-inspired, broke with Communist party early. In 1961 accepted position as speechwriter and advisor to Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah, hosted Malcolm in Ghana and was supporter throughout his later career; edited African Review, political and economic journal, and helped to establish first international branch of Organization of Afro-American Unity.

Front 68

Theresa Hotel

Back 68

Harlem locale. Historically a spot for African-American celebrities and radicals, had become fairly unpopular by time Castro and delegation arrived during his visit to New York and United Nations. He and Malcolm%2

Front 69

Conrad Lynn

Back 69

Lawyer for Wilfred Lynn in his contentious objector case -He was a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation that organized the first freedom rides after Morgan v Virginia in 1946 -Was one of the founders of the Freedom Now Party?

Front 70

Freedom Now Party (84-88, 93-94)

Back 70

Gained it ideological inspiration form William Worthy-Was an attempt to create an all black national political party -gain fame when Conrad Lynn and worthy and other members staged a sit in J. Edger Hoovers offices they confronted him about the FBI’s Civil Rights Record and demanded action and enforcement of Civil Rights Laws

Front 71

UN Demonstration

Back 71

Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba was assassinated by political enemies that where backed by the Belgians and US intelligence services -After the News of the Killing reached New York militants characterized it as an international lynching-Demonstrators including LeRoi Jones burst into the security council of the UN - Outside the UN protesters marched in the freezing cold -The Demonstration signaled the internationalization of Political thinking

Front 72

Group on Advanced Leadership

Back 72

(GOAL)Start as a protest group to improve educational opportunities in Detroit -Lead by Albert Cleage and Milton and Richard Henry -Founded in 1961 -its aim was to act as a catalyst to speed up protest action and change -gained fame for opposing a property tax increase in Detroit because they claimed the money would just go to white kids -Attempted to replace the NAACP as a new liberal movement -Attracted young radicals that became the leaders of Black Nationalism and Black power

Front 73

Shrine of the Black Madonna

Back 73

-Was the Name of A church that was lead by Albert Cleage in Detroit represented the Black Christ movement -Argued that Christ was black and was a revolutionary leader -called for control of the inner city and self determination -Repudiated the social gospel that was the spiritual basis for the southern Civil Rights movement. -Social Gospel argues that people are moral and good at heart and that the end of the world will come at take all the sinners away and the good people will go to heaven and that the end is coming soon-Shrine of the Black Madonna rejected the idea that all one had to do was wait till the end of the world they held a more realist view that required the exercising of power hear on earth

Front 74

Luke Tripp

Back 74

-Detroit activistLead the UHURU military collective -Organized wild cat strikes against auto companies in Detroit

Front 75

Black Messiah

Back 75

-The idea that Jesus was a revolutionary figure that battled evil with his apostle to great personal pain -Albert Cleage sermons where published as Black Messiah