Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tenochtitlan
|
The Aztec capital that resided on modern-day Mexico City. It had over 100,000 population and huge building complexes
|
|
|
Iroquois Confederation
|
The League of Five Nations that was an Indian power after the arrival of the Europeans. Contributed to the war for the interior of America
|
|
|
Francisco Pizarro
|
A Spanish conquistador that took control of Peru (1531-1533) and revealed the wealth of the Incas
|
|
|
Mali
|
Empire that existed in West Africa well into the fifteenth century. Mali was part of the region where black men and women were forcibly taken to America to become slaves.
|
|
|
Black Death
|
An epidemic of the Bubonic plague that swept across Europe. It began in Constantinople in 1374 and killed 1/3 of the European population.
|
|
|
Prince Henry the Navigator
|
A Portuguese explorer that explored the Western Coast of Africa to establish a Christian Empire to help in the wars against the Moors of Africa and to find gold.Portuguese explorer, held personal interest in exploring West Africa. Was the first exploration voyage that happened in Portugal.
|
|
|
Amerigo Vespucci
|
a Florentine merchant, member of a Portuguese expedition who described the lands vividly and recognized the Americas as continents
|
|
|
mestizos
|
people of “mixed races” caused by the intermarriage of male colonists and native women. The number of male colonists out numbered the females ten to one, due to the fact that generals were usually the only ones who brought their wives along.
|
|
|
John Cabot
|
Sailor in search of Northwest passage to the Orient. First English contact with the New World. 1497. Had an unsuccessful search to find a way to the Orient through the New World.
|
|
|
Enclosures
|
(enclosure movement) - when the demand for wool went up, England farmers began converting their land to fields for sheep. So land that was once making crops for the country, or holding tenants, was now holding sheep. Thousands of homeless tenants that were kicked out were roaming around in gangs and begging, occasionally stealing sheep. Government passed laws, including one that stopped enclosures.***When the population increased, many tenants stole and begged in the countrysides. The enclosure movement was designed to prevent that but was unsuccessful.
|
|
|
Merchant-Capitalists
|
Helped create a domestic cloth industry that allowed them to begin marketing finished goods. They created cloth from England’s raw materials and were sold everywhere. They were prosperous because of the foreign trade.
|
|
|
Mercantilism
|
the idea that the entire country trades together for a profit, rather then private traders within their country just by themselves for their own profit.***An economic belief that the English applied. They would trade with their own colonies and that would stimulate both economies and not have to pay as much.
|
|
|
Huguenots
|
A group in Northern Europe that was caused by Calvinism***French Protestants that followed John Calvin’s Doctrine of Predestination, and who, due to religious persecution, were forced to flee France to other countries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Some remained, practicing their Faith in secret.
|
|
|
Separatists
|
puritans that held advanced positions that were determined to worship as they pleased in their own private congregations.
|
|
|
“Plantations”
|
Transplants of English society into foreign land.***injections or imitations of the civilization’s homeland in a foreign country being claimed by that land.
|
|
|
coureurs de bois
|
Fur traders and trappers that went far into the wilderness and befriended the Indians. They also lived among them and sometimes married their women.*** Underpinnings of French colonies
|
|
|
“sea dogs”
|
English’s naval ships that raided Spanish merchants, giving the English confidence to expand to America. Example would be Sir Edwin Drake.***(Confidence against Spanish navy)
|
|
|
Don Juan de Onate
|
Spanish conquistador captures land of what is now New Mexico, gave out licenses which allowed tribute and labor from the local Natives. Because of his harshness, the Natives threatened the stability of the colony. Over time, their relations grew, some Natives converted to Christianity.
|
|
|
Pueblo Indians
|
Indians living in the general area of Don Juan de Onate’s colony. Numbered about 30,000 Pueblo Indians to 2,000 colonists. Even after many Indians converted, there were still some that practiced their own religion. The Spanish priests and colonial government tried to subdue their practices yet again, and one of the tribe leaders (apparently named “Pope”) retaliated killing hundreds of European settlers including 21 priests.
|
|
|
Powhatan
|
Once Local Indians around Virginia colony, Only reason Virginia was able to expand was because of the suppression of them. (Pocahontas story)
|
|
|
“Adventurers”
|
People who would stay in England and buy stock from the Virginia Company to share in future profits.
|
|
|
“Planters”
|
People who were willing to migrate to Virginia and also buy stocks.
|
|
|
“starving time”
|
Winter of 1609-1610 was known as the “starving time.” Local Indians, antagonized by the colonists, killed off livestock and kept the colonists barricaded inside. The colonists ate anything they could, including, once recorded, corpses of dead men. The population went from 500 to 60.
|
|
|
A Counterblaste to Tobacco
|
King James I led an attack against tobacco, trying to convince people to not “imitate the beastly ways of the Indians.” The demand for tobacco still soared.
|
|
|
John Rolfe
|
Was the first to export crop in colony of Virginia. He married Chief Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas, after the Chief refused to ransom for her.***He started to experiment with tobacco and started the cultivation of it. Le later was Pocahontas’ husband in 1614. John agreed to this so he could uplift both her people and the English.
|
|
|
The headright system
|
fifty acre grants to pieces of land that people could acquire in a number of ways. It encouraged family’s to move together, because each head that moved with you gave you right to another 50 acres. The more people in your family, the larger the land you could own.***Headrights were fifty-acre grants of land given to new settlers. Existing settlers received 100 acres. This encouraged many people to come as family groups and more headrights were given to people who would attract others to come.
|
|
|
House of Burgesses
|
First meeting of elected legislature in the land that was to become the United States. First meeting was July 30th, 1619 in Virginia.
|
|
|
Opechancanough
|
Powhatan’s brother that took over the native confederacy after Powhatan died. He later launched an attack against the white settlers and made Jamestown bankrupt.
|
|
|
Maryland’s Act Concerning Religion
|
Allowed freedom of all Christian worship in Maryland.
|
|
|
Sir William Berkley
|
The appointed governor of Virginia in 1642 and he remained in power until the 1670’s with only one interruption. He was popular because he sent out explorers to open up the western interior of Virginia. He also put down an Indian force in 1644 and was nice to the Indians later by not letting whites settle in their territory.
|
|
|
Oliver Cromwell
|
He led a victory in 1649 in the English Civil war and his enemies contributed to the population of Virginia.
|
|
|
Green Springs group
|
green spring’s plantation that was involved in Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
|
|
|
Barbados
|
The location from which the first settlers of South Carolina came.***An English owned Caribbean island that produced sugar and had slaves.
|
|
|
Scrooby congregation
|
Separatists from Scrooby began to move quietly to Holland to gain religious asylum. After they arrived there, they were not allowed to join the guilds of the Dutch and worked at poorly paid jobs. They later relocated to America and became the pilgrims.
|
|
|
William Bradford
|
The governor of the “Plymouth Plantation”. He got permission from the New England Company to settle where they were and ended the communal labor plan.
|
|
|
John Winthrop
|
The governor of Massachusetts Bay. He was an affluent, university-educated gentleman with a deep piety and a forceful character. He organized the migration to America in 1630.***Led migrants from England to America on Mayflower.
|
|
|
Thomas Hooker
|
Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.
***He was a minister that defied the Massachusetts government in 1635 and led his congregation through the wilds to establish Hartford. |
|
|
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
|
Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area. First constitution written in America.
|
|
|
Roger Williams
|
Separatist that after announcing that Massachusetts should get rid of any and all allegiances to the Church of England. After this he was banished, and he hid with a local tribe named Narragansett. Then, with some followers he founded the colony of Rhode Island, on the tract of land he bought from the tribesmen.
|
|
|
King Philip’s War
|
1675 series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.
|
|
|
Earl of Shaftesbury
|
A.k.a. Anthony Ashley Cooper persisted when others gave up on the Carolinas. He later founded Charlestown. He introduced land distribution to Charlestown.
|
|
|
Sir George Carteret
|
Carteret named the territory of New Jersey after an English channel, which later after some arguments Because of its political and economic failure, it later became a royal colony. (10 yrs. later)
|
|
|
Society of Friends
|
A religious organization that formed in mid seventeenth century England. They were led by the preaching of George Fox and later became to be known as the Quakers.***Believed in inner morality (inner light, etc.)
|
|
|
William Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
|
Penn’s plan to created a society that was godly in the eyes of others. He wanted to set an example to the other colonies on what a community should’ve been like.
|
|
|
James Oglethorpe
|
A member of Parliament and a military hero. He eventually created Georgia to act as a military buffer for the English against the Spanish.
|
|
|
Georgia Trustees
|
led by James Oglethorpe, unpaid. Part of their goal was economic success, but it also had a military motive. Georgia was like a wedge between Spanish Lands and the English, it sort of served as a defense.
|
|
|
Edmund Andros
|
Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.***The governor of the Dominion and was appointed by James II. He was a stern and tactless man and his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and his crude tactics made him unpopular.
|
|
|
William and Mary
|
Mary was the Protestant daughter of James II and William was the ruler of Netherlands. They later took the English throne and started the Glorious Revolution.*****ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
|
|
|
Jacob Leisler
|
The leader of the New York dissidents, Jacob Leisler, created a militia and drove Nicholson into exile and proclaimed himself the new leader of New York.****German-born American. Hated James II's policies and rebelled in the southern part of New York.
|
|
|
John Coode
|
overthrew Maryland’s colonial government in 1689. He participated in four separate uprisings and served as Maryland's governor*****John Coode started a revolt against Lord Baltimore’s men for not siding with William and Mary. He fought against the Catholics in the name of Protestantism.
|
|
|
“seasoning”
|
A slow process in which settlers become immune to local diseases like malaria.
|
|
|
middle passage
|
the second leg of the three legs of the triangular route, the journey to America of forced immigrant’s into slavery.***It was a horrible trip from Africa to America. It was for African slaves and they were in the boat from weeks to even months. The conditions of the ships varied from high death rate to healthy slaves.
|
|
|
Royal African Company
|
A company of England that maintained a monopoly on trade in the mainland colonies and managed as a result to keep prices high and supplies low. When the monopoly broke, slave trade rapidly increased.
|
|
|
“slave codes”
|
– Codes or laws passed that gave slave owners almost 100% of the slaves personal rights.***Laws that limited the rights of blacks and ensured total control for the white masters. People who were mixed had more rights than pure Africans.
|
|
|
Scotch-Irish
|
After English landlords doubled and tripled rents, thousands of tenants embarked for America. They settled in America with not much regard of who owned the land that they settled on. Whether it is the governments, the whites, or the Indians. They were ruthless when suppressing the Indians.****Scottish Presbyterians that settled in Northern Ireland (Ulster). The government eventually outlawed them and because of religious reasons. Many settled in America.
|
|
|
Eliza Lucas
|
She was an Antiguan woman that managed her family’s North American plantation. She brought indigo to the high grounds of South Carolina.
|
|
|
Peter Hasenclever
|
Owner of largest industrial enterprise in colonial America. German ironmaster. Founded in 1764 with British Capital, it employed several hundred laborers.
|
|
|
extractive industries
|
industries that exploited the natural resources of the country. Helped produce a northern thriving commercial class***Industries that provided commodities that could be exported to England for manufactured goods. They also helped produce the northern commercial class.
|
|
|
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
|
A rich plantation owner that owned 40,000 acres and owned 285 slaves. He was reputed as the wealthiest man in the colonies.
|
|
|
Gullah
|
A language created by slaves that was a hybrid of English and African tongues.**Allowed secret conversations that their white masters could not understand.
|
|
|
town meeting
|
Residents of towns in Puritan communities would meet in “town meetings” to discuss important questions, and elect a selected number of men to run the next meeting.***Local Puritan government that only a select few could attend. They had to be an adult male that a member of the church and the person had to give evidence of grace.
|
|
|
“visible saints”
|
People who had evidence of grace and was confident of salvation as a result of a conversion experience.*** Held top status in town meetings. Has to do with level in the church.
|
|
|
SPG
|
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. A group which worked to spread Christianity to other parts of the world through missionaries in the late 1800s.
|
|
|
Halfway Covenant
|
The halfway covenant was a plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy to deal with the problem of declining church membership, allowing children of baptized parents to be baptized whether or not their parents had experienced conversion. *
|
|
|
George Whitefield
|
A powerful open-air evangelist that toured with the Wesleys and made several tours and drew huge crowds. Inspired many to christiananity
|
|
|
Jonathan Edwards
|
A deeply orthodox Puritan that attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation. He spread puritan ideas about predestination and salvation by God’s grace.
|
|
|
"New Lights/Old Lights"
|
Divisions of congregations because of the Great Awakening. The New Lights were revivalists while the Old Lights were traditionalists.
|
|
|
“dame schools”
|
Were what schools were called that women that were widowed or had no children taught at. As compared to white males that went to their own school.*Institutions that were usually led by women and taught children.
|
|
|
Cotton Mather
|
A Puritan theologian that studied inoculation against smallpox. He noticed that his slaves were giving people small doses of smallpox to immunize them.**or**Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.
|
|
|
John Peter Zenger
|
was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press.
|
|
|
Robert Walpole
|
The first of the modern Prime Ministers. He deliberately refrained from strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts, believing that relaxed trading would produce more commerce.*(unrestricted trade = more profitable then taxing)
|
|
|
Board of Trade and Plantations
|
The nearest equivalent to administration of colonial affairs. It was established in 1696 but was a mere advisory body that had little role in any decisions.
|
|
|
Treaty of Utrecht
|
The treaty that brought the conflicts between England and France (King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War) to peace in North America. French land was divided between the English and the Spanish.
|
|
|
King George’s War
|
It was a war between the English and the French and it lasted between 1744 and 1748. The colonists fought the French but a peace treaty ended it.
|
|
|
Edward Braddock-
|
The newly appointed commander in chief of the British army in America. He failed miserably when trying to retake crucial sites along the Ohio River. He later died due to an ambush of French and Indian soldiers.
|
|
|
William Pitt
|
The English Secretary of State. He brought the war effort in America under complete British Control. He appointed officers and forced colonists to join the war effort,
|
|
|
James Wolfe
|
A brilliant British general that captured the fortress at Louisbourg and took Fort Duquesne. His army went up a hidden ravine and forced Quebec to fall.
|
|
|
Proclamation of 1763
|
The British created this act to prevent the colonists from expanding westward. It created a boundary for the colonists. It eventually failed.
|
|
|
Sugar Act of 1764
|
- increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce
existing tariff *It was designed to eliminate illegal trade of sugar between the continental colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies. It strengthened the enforcement of the duty on sugar. It also established vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers. |
|
|
Paxton Boys
|
A group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen from around central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group in response to Pontiac's Rebellion. They felt that the government was negligent in providing them with protection, so took matters into own hands.*They were residents of western Pennsylvania who were declared outlaws by the assembly in Philadelphia after they launched an unauthorized attack on the Conestoga Indians. Instead of surrendering, they armed themselves, marched into Philadelphia, and caused small-scale civil war.
|
|
|
Regulators
|
They were farmers of the Carolina upcountry who organized an opposition to the high taxes that the local sheriffs collected. They were unrepresented and took arms to resist tax collectors by force. They later were defeated.
|
|
|
Sons of Liberty
|
A group that opposed the British and their taxes. They terrorized stamp agents and burned the stamps.**(umm?)organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less
violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated nonimportation |
|
|
Declaratory Act
|
allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited
colonists say ***An act that asserted Parliament’s authority over the colonies in all cases. |
|
|
Mutiny Act
|
It required colonists to provide quarters and supplies for the British troops in America.***Helped regulate a little bit, on colonist riots.
|
|
|
Massachusetts Circular Letter
|
A letter created by the Massachusetts Assembly to urge other colonies to stand up to both internal and external taxes.
|
|
|
Boston Massacre
|
On March 5, 1770, a crowd of dockworkers threw things at the British soldiers and some fired back, killing five people.*British soldiers shot into angry crowd of snow/ice-ball fight; two of nine soldiers(defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
|
|
|
John Adams
|
The second president of the United States and a distant cousin to Samuel Adams.
|
|
|
“internal”/”external” taxes
|
Internal Taxes were taxes that did not help regulate commerce or trade. External taxes did help regulate commerce and trade.***Townsend Acts claimed difference between “internal” and “external” taxes. Samuel Adams argued that there was NO difference and that the Act should be repealed.
|
|
|
“Right of Revolution”
|
- In political philosophy, the right of revolution (or right of rebellion) is the right or duty, variously stated throughout history, of the subjects of a nation to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests
|
|
|
Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer
|
A group of Letters written by John Dickenson to the colonists to go against the Townshend Acts.***Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania is a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson (1732–1808) and published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768
|
|
|
“virtual representation”
|
The essential idea of virtual representation is that one can be represented by a decision-making process without being able to vote for those who make the decisions.***(umm..)Confusing to the Parliament because the colonists were saying “no taxation without representation” and the parliament viewed every member as a part, not having to do with land area or geography.
|
|
|
Gaspee incident
|
(Short story)The British repeal of the Townsend Act. ***(long story)The Gaspe Affair was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS Gaspe, a British revenue schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water on June 9, 1772, near what is now known as Gaspe Point in the city of Warwick, Rhode Island, while chasing the packet boat Hannah. In a notorious act of defiance, American patriots led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted, and torched the ship.
|
|
|
Intolerable Acts
|
- in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston
Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony ***The Coercive or Intolerable Acts were geared toward Boston. The pot of Boston was closed, self-government was reduced, permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England when accused of crimes, and provided the quartering of troops in the colonists; barns and empty houses. |
|
|
Continental Association
|
- often known simply as the "Association", was a system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain. ****(Known as the First Continental Congress. It was formed in 1774 and was made up from delegates from all thirteen colonies except Georgia.
|
|
|
Conciliatory Propositions
|
Lord North won approval for these, after Burke and Chatham Failed to win approval of their suggestions of removing the British Soldiers from the colonies, and repealing the Coercive Acts. The Conciliatory Proposition made it so the colonies could tax themselves as long as they followed the demand of the parliament. (So basically it was saying, sure we won’t tax you, you can tax yourself, you just need to do it how we want)
|
