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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a target cell?
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Only target cells for a given homone have receptors for that hormone
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How do hormones influence their target cells?
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By binding to specific protein receptors
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What is the "master" gland?
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The hypothalamus is the "master" gland of the pituitary
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What cells secrete insulin and where are they located?
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Beta cells in the pancreas
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Which gland can be associated with high metabolic rate?
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Thyroid gland
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
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Rest in the hypophyseal fossa, a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
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What is TSH and what is the does it do?
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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
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What hormone controls the secretion of TSH?
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Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
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What is the star-like structure that attaches the putitary to the hypothalamus?
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The Infundibulum
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What hormone is likely to cause a shift from glucose to fat metabolism?
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Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
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What is the principle hormone that promotes testosterone?
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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What promotes the synthesis and secreation of Insulin Growth Factors (IGFs)?
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Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
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Which endocrine glands are located in the neck?
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The thyroid and parathyroid, located just below the larynx
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What steriods hormones are secreted from the Adrenal cortex?
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- Outer zone releases mineralcorticoids
- Middle zone releases glucocorticoids - Inner zones releases androgens (Not epinehrine) |
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Which hormone decreases glucose levels?
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Insulin
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Secretion of what hormone is controlled by Angiotesin II?
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Aldosterone
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What is the major mineralcorticoid in the adrenal cortex?
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Aldosterone
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The ovaries produce inhibin, a hormone that does what?
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Inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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What is the most abundant glucocorticoids?
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Cortisol
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What do glucocorticoids do for the body?
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- Breaks down proteins
- Glucose formation - Breaks down triglycerides - Anti-inflammatory effects - Depression of immune response |
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What gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
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Thes Pancreatic Islets
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What hormone triggers ovulation in females?
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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What is the hormone initates and maintains milk production?
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Prolactin
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What hormone is the major regulator for levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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What hormones are stored and released in the posterior pituitary?
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- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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What hormone can cause darkening of the skin if there is an excess amount?
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Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH)
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What are the actions of the thyroid gland?
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- Most body cells have receptors for thryroid hormones
- Plays important role in maintenance of normal body temp - Stimulates protein synthesis - Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids - Increase breakdown of triglycerides - Enhance cholesterol excretion, reducing cholesterol |
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How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?
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2
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What is the main function of glucagon?
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To increase blood glucose level when it falls below normal
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What type of feedback system controls the glucose levels?
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Negative feedback system
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What is a stressor?
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Any stimulus that produces a stress response
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What cells secrete glucagon and where are they located?
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Alpha cells in the pancreas
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What is the definiton of hypoglycemia?
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When your body cannot produce enough glucose
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Prolonged exsposure to high levels of cortisol can do what to the body?
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- Wasting of muscles
- Suppression of the immune system - Ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract - Failure of pancreatic cells |
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What does the hormone calcitronin do?
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- Produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
- Decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts |
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What does the hormone Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) do to the body?
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- Decreases urine production
- Causes the kidneys to retain more water - Decreases water loss through sweating - Cause constriction of arterioles, thus increasing BP |
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What hormone stimulates milk ejection from the breasts?
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Oxytocin
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The adrenal cortex has how many zones?
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3
- Outer - Middle - Inner |
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Spontaneous hypoglycemia is caused by what?
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- Fasting
- Postprandial |
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Symptoms of hypoglycemia start when the blood glucose level reaches what?
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60 mg/dL
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When a patient has hypoglycemia, at what blood glucose level will you see impairment of brain functions?
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50 mg/dL
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What are the clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia?
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- Neuroglycopenic
- Hyperepinephrinemic |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hypglycemia neuroglycopenic?
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- Alterations in consciousness
- Lethargy - Confusion - Combativeness - Agitation - Unresponsiveness |
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What are the signs and symptoms of hypglycemia hyperepinephrinemic?
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- Anxiety
- Nervousness - Irritability - Nausea - Vomiting - Palpitations - Tremurs |
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How do you test for hypoglycemia?
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Finger stick
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What is the treatment for a patient with hypoglycemia?
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- If they are able to eat or drink, give them any type of sugar source (juices, sucrose water, candy, glucose tabs)
- If they are unable to eat or drink, give Glucagon 0.5 or 1 mg or 50% dextrose with 100 mL IV - Check blood glucose every 2 hours |
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What is type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
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- It is an insulin deficiency
- Usually occurs in children and adolescents (under the age of 40 [or 30]) |
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What is type 2 Diabetes Melititus?
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- Insulin resistance
- Usually occurs in obese and adults over the age of 40 |
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What are the associated signs and symptoms of diabetes melititus?
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- Polyuria
- Polydipsia - Polyphagia - Weight loss |
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What are the expected blood glucose levels for a random and fasting finger stick in a patient with diabetes melititus?
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- Random: 200 mg/dL or greater
- Fasting: 126 mg/dL or greater |
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What labs do you want to collect for a patient you suspect has diabetes melititus?
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- HA1C
- UA - Serum/plasma glucose |
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What is the treatment for diabetes melititus?
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- Consult the MO first!!
- Insulin administration |
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What does the insulin come in that is supplied in the AMMAL?
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10 mL bottles containing 100 un/mL
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What are you trying to prevent when treating a patient with diabetes melititus?
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To control hyperglycemia and avoid diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA)
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What is the general guiding principle of diabetes therapy?
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Lower glucose levels on a consistent basis to normal or near normal
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What is diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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- Occurs when the body produces high levels of ketones and does not produce enough insulin.
- The body begins to break down fat as an alternate fuel causing a buildup of toxic acids in the blood stream |
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What are the expected lab findings for a patient with diabetes ketoacidosis?
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- Hyperglycemia > 250 mg/dL
- Acidosis with blood pH < 7.3 - Serum bicarbonate < 15 mEq/L - Serum positive for ketones |
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What is a characteristic sign of ketonuria or ketonemia?
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Fruity breath odor and rapid deep breathing
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What is the treatment for diabetes ketoacidosis?
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- Consult MO first!!
- Insulin: loading dose of 0.15 un/kg IV bolus, followed by 0.1 un/kg/h - Provide fluids: 0.9% normal saline |
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What are the signs and symptomsof hypothyroidism?
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- Weakness
- Cold intolerance - Constipation - Depression - Menorrhagia - Hoarseness - Dry skin - Bradycardia |
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What autoimmune disorders are associated with hypothyroidism?
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- Hashimotos Disease
- Thyroiditis |
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What are the expected lab findings for a patient with hypothyroidism?
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- T3/FT4 may be low or low normal
- High TSH |
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What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?
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Levothyroxine (Synthroid), starting at 25-75 mcg/day
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What are the signs and symptoms of a patient with hyperthyroidism?
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- Sweating
- Weight loss - Heat intolerance - Menstrual irregularity - Tachycardia - Tremor - Stare (eyelid retraction) |
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What are the expected lab findings for a patient with hyperthyroidism?
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- Elevated FT4/T3
- Low TSH |
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What is the treatment for a patient with hyperthyroidism?
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- Radioactive Iodine
- Beta Blockers (Propranolol) for systemic relief - Thyroidectomy |
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How are thyroid nodules discovered?
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- Commonly found during careful thyroid exams
- Most small nodules are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally |
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What are the signs and sympotoms of a thyroid nodules?
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They have characteristics of both hypo- and hyper- thyroidism
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What is the treatment for a patient with thyroid nodules?
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Refer to a specialist: They will preform Fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
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What is the definition of Adrenal Crisis?
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Inadequate or absent secreation of adrenal hormones from partial or total destruction of Adrenal glands
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What are the expected lab values for a patient with an adrenal crisis?
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- Eosinophil count may be high
- Hyponatremia or hyperkalemia may be present - Hypolycemia is common - Hypercalcemia may be present - Blood, sputum and urine may be positive for bacteria |
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What is the treatment for a patient with an adreanal crisis?
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- Refer to MO
- Treatment should not be delayed pending lab results - Immediately treat with hydrocortisone 100-300 mg IV and normal saline - Continue Hydrocortisone 50-100 mg IV q6h for day 1, q8h for day 2 and continue to taper as appropriate |
