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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In order to be effective, all vaccines need to induce an adaptive immune response which exhibits...
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...memory and specificity
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Why is influenza hard to make a vaccine for?
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The virus has extensive antigenic variation
2032221110 |
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What is an 'Adjuvant'?
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Substances which boost the immune response to a co-delivered antigen
By providing a long-term depot of antigen and by stimulating antigen-presenting cells |
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How do adjuvants boost the immune response?
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By providing a long-term depot of antigen and by stimulating antigen-presenting cells
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Substances which boost the immune response to a co-delivered antigen
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Adjuvants
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What is the only adjuvant in common use today?
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Alum (aluminium hydroxide/aluminium phosphate)
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Vaccination is predominantly a ____________, rather than a therapeutic (Of or relating to the healing of disease) intervention.
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Prophylactic (A medicine or course of action used to prevent disease)
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Define 'therapeutic'
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Of or relating to the healing of disease
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Define 'Prophylactic'
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A medicine or course of action used to prevent disease
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'Of or relating to the healing of disease'
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Therapeutic
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'A medicine or course of action used to prevent disease'
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Prophylactic
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The effectiveness of vaccines is strongly influenced by the rate of compliance (herd immunity) T/F
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T
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Define 'herd immunity'
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General immunity to a pathogen in a population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high proportion of members over time
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General immunity to a pathogen in a population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high proportion of members over time
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Herd immunity
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List three recently introduced vaccines
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Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
Meningococcal Group C conjugate vaccine (MenC) Cervarix cervical cancer vaccine against human papilloma virus strains 16 and 18 |
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What are new technologies that could contribute to the development of vaccines in the future?
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Live recombinant vectors
DNA immunisation |
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What provides protective immunity against extracellular bacteria?
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Antibody
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What provides protective immunity against intracellular bacteria?
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Th1, CD4+ T-cells
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What provides protective immunity against viruses?
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CD8+ T-cells (cause cell to die), antibody
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What provides protective immunity against multicellular parasites?
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Antibody
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What are the four types of vaccines in current use?
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Live attenuated organism
Inactivated killed organism Subunit vaccines Passive immunisation |
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The live attenuated vaccine is often given in multiple doses and induces long-term immunity T/F
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FALSE - given in *single* doses
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Attenuated viruses have the potential to cause virulence T/F
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T
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Live attenuated vaccinations can be used against immunocomprimised individuals T/F
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False
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Live attenuated viruses pose no difficulties in quality control or storage T/F
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False
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Give two examples of vaccinations administered via live attenuated strains.
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BCG and MMR
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The innactivated killed organism method of vaccination is stronger than the liver attenuated method T/F
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F
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The innactivated killed organism method of vaccination can cause immunopathology T/F
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T
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The innactivated killed organism method of vaccination can be used on immunocomprimised individuals
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T
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The innactivated killed organism method of vaccination has no risk of virulence T/F
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T
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Give examples of vaccines administered through the inactivated, killed organism method
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HepA
Rabies Inactivated Polio vaccine (IPV) Influenza (Mostly live, but some nasal sprays can be inactivated ones) |
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HepA
Rabies Inactivated Polio vaccine (IPV) Influenza (Mostly live, but some nasal sprays can be inactivated ones) |
Examples of vaccines administered through the inactivated, killed organism method
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What are the three parts a subunit vaccine can be?
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A toxin
Viral coat protein Bacterial cell wall component |
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All subunit vaccines currently in use only induce an antibody response. What is the problem with this?
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It leads to problems of appropriateness and limits the vaccine
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Subunit vaccines require a booster T/F
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T
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Subunit vaccines do not require addition of an adjuvant T/F
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F, they do
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Give examples of subunit vaccines:
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Tetanus
Diptheria Pertussis HepB Meningococcus Haemophilus |
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What is passive immunisation?
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Where the preformed antibody can be administered to provide immediate, but temporary immunoprotection
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Where the preformed antibody can be administered to provide immediate, but temporary immunoprotection
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Passive immunisation
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Passive immunisation os occasionally used therapeutically post-exposure T/F
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T
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Give examples of passive immunisation (2)
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Tetanus
Botulism |
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What is a 'drift' mutation of a virus?
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A slight mutation, cf shift mutations
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What is a 'shift' mutation of a virus?
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A substantial mutation, cf drift mutations
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What is the only human disease to be eradicated by vaccination?
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Smallpox
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What is a 'gene gun'?
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An idea to insert DNA instead of protein to make someone immune. The DNA is in a capsule which breaks down, and the DNA is taken up, which codes *for* the protein which will then provide protection against the antibody.
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