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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Plague and malaria are transmitted by...
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...insects
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Cholera, plague and salmonella typhi are transmitted by...
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Water
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List three genera of bacteria that contain lipopolysaccharide (which is an endotoxin)
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Escherichia
Neisseria Salmonella |
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What is lipopolysaccharide?
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Molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals
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Give there examples of aerobic bacteria
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Escherichia
Staphlococcus Streptococcus |
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What is a granuloma?
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A collection of macrophages surrounded surrounded by epithelioid (activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells) cells
It's a host response to limit the spread of mycobacteria |
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What is an epithelioid cell
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An activated macrophage resembling an epithelial cell
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Normal flora provides ____________ resistance
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Colonisation
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How can normal flora be abrogated (Repealed or done away with)?
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By using broad spectrum antibiotics
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Normal flora can be a source of __________ infection
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endogenous (proceeding from within) infection
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Normal flora is/is not always in the peritoneum
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Not always
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Aerobes/anaerobes are more frequent components of the normal flora
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Anaerobes
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Aerobes/anaerobes are important in colonisation resistance
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Anaerobes
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What mediates colonisation resistance?
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Commensal/normal/resident microflora
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Colonisation resistance can be ablogated (Repeal or do away with) by...
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...broad spectrum antibiotic
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Rheumatic fever and post streoptococcal glomerulonephritis are mediated by...
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...immunopatholgical mechanisms
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Give three bacteria that cause disease by producing specific toxins
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Corynebacterium diptheriae
Clostridium Botulinim Vibrio Cholera |
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Botulism and cholera are controlled by...
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...toxins
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Shigella Dysentry and Salmonella Typhi (Enteric Fever) are controlled by non-invasinve/invasive mechanisms
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INVASIVE mechanisms
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Coagulase is produced by Staph. Aureus T/F
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T
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Alpha toxin is produced by Staph. Aureus T/F
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T
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Epidermolytic toxin is produced by Staph. Aureus T/F
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T
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Leonic acid is produced by Staph. Aureus T/F
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F - you just made that up
2027141110 |
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Give an example of two fungal species
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Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigates |
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What can you do to diagnose an ACUTE infection? (3) What can't you do?
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Carry out microscopy
Culture Antigen detection NOT antibody detection NOT PCR |
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Can viruses use cellular enzymes?
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Yes
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Virus replication is the same/different for RNA and DNA viruses
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Different
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Can virus replication be arrested for years or must it act quickly?
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Can be arrested
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lēx
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law
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lēgis, F.
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mRNA is required to make viral proteins T/F
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T
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What is the size of viruses?
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20-200nm
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Do viruses contain ribosomes for protein synthesis?
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No
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Do viruses grow on blood agar?
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No, think about it - they need cells
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Viruses replicate by binary fission T/F
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F
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Virus infection may damage cells indirectly via the T cell response to viral antigens T/F
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T
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Viruses cannot move around the body via nerve fibres T/F
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F, the can
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Many viral infections are subclinical (a disease that is not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms)
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T
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Can HIV and HepB be transmitted by percutaneous (Made, done, or effected through the skin) transmission?
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Yes
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How can polio virus cause paralysis?
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It can cause damage to motor neurones
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How far apart should the acute and convalescent serum samples be?
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10-14 days
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Can antibodies used in immunoassays be labelled with flourescent dyes, isotopes and enzymes?
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Yes
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How long does it take for the primary antibody response to be detectable after exposure to a virus?
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One hour
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Virus specific IgG class antibodies disappear from circulation after 3 months T/F
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F
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Is acyclovir a triphosphate?
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No
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Can interferon be used for the treatment of some hepatitis cases?
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Yes
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Is acyclovir effective at removing latent herpes simplex virus from the body?
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Yes
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Can acylovir be phosphorylated by cellular thymidine kinase?
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No
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HIV integrates its genome into a chromosome of the host cell T/F
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T
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HIV replicates in T cells with the CD8 phenotype T/F
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F - It's the CD4 phenotype
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HIV protease is essential for maturation and assembly of viral proteins T/F
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T
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HIV uses host cell enzymes to copy RNA to DNA T/F
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F
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HIV can be treated by aciclovir T/F
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F
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The HepB vaccine is absorbed with aluminium hydroxide T/F
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T
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The HepB vaccine does not induce an antibody response T/F
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F
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The HepB vaccine doesn't contain HepB core antigen T/F
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T
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What is HepB core antigen?
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An indicator of active viral replication. This means the person infected with Hepatitis B can likely transmit the virus on to another person
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HepB vaccine is made in vitro virus culture T/F
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False
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HepB vaccine replicates in vivo T/F
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F
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The flu virus can be transmitted by contact with a patient's skin T/F
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T
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Flu virus is transmitted by inhaling a patient's salivary droplets T/F
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T
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Flu virus can be transmitted by contact with patient's faeces T/F
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F
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Flu virus is transmitted by biting mosquitos T/F
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F
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Flu virus can be transmitted from mother to foetus T/F
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F
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The faecal oral/route of viral replication depends upon:
Contamination of water by sewage T/F |
T
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The faecal oral/route of viral replication depends upon:
Transmission by flies T/F |
T
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The faecal oral/route of viral replication depends upon:
Eating infected eggs |
F
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The faecal oral/route of viral replication depends upon:
The presence of mosquitos |
F
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The faecal oral/route of viral replication depends upon:
The presence of pets in the kitchen |
F
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What are the two diseases the Varicella Zoster virus can cause?
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Chicken pox and shingles
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What is the other name for chicken pox?
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Varicella
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What is the other name for shingles?
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Zoster (The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness chickenpox, then zoster)
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The Varicella Zoster virus establishes persistent/latent infections in humans T/F
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T
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HIV produces persistent/latent infections in humans T/F
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T
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Herpes Simplex establishes persistent/latent infections in humans T/F
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T
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Influenza virus establishes latent infections in humans T/F
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F
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What is Yellow Fever?
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A haemorrhagic virus transmitted by MOSQUITOS - it results in prominent liver failure leading to jaundice
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Does Yellow fever lead to juandice?
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Yes - through liver failure
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Yellow fever establishes persistent/latent infections in humans
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F
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Measles virus establishes persistent/latent infection in humans
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F
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Following infection of measles, immunity is lifelong/temporary
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Lifelong
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Penicillins don't inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis T/F
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F
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Penicillins are largely bacteriocidal T/F
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T
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Penicillins are Beta-lactam antibiotics T/F
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T
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Penicillins inhibit viral replication T/F
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F
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Tetracycline is an antibiotic inhibitor of protein synthesis T/F
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T
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Chloramphenicol is not an antibiotic inhibitor of protein synthesis T/F
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F
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Macrolides (-->Erythromycin) is an antibiotic inhibitor of protein synthesis
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T
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Aminoglycosides (--> Streptomycin --> Gentamycin) is not an antibiotic inhibitor of protein synthesis
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F
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Fusidic acid is/is not an antibiotic inhibitor of protein synthesis
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is
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Trimethropim is an antibiotic inhibitor of protein synthesis T/F
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F
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What are the two groups of antibiotic that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
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Beta-lactams and glycopeptides (Vancomycin, teicoplanin)
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What is the antibiotic inhibitor of cell membrane synthesis?
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Polumixin
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List the two antibiotic inhibitors of metabolism
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Trimethroprim
Sulphonamide |
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Give the antibiotic inhibitors of DNA
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Rifampicin
Nitroimidazole Quinolin (Ciprofloxacin) |
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What are the consequences of an inflammatory reaction? (5)
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Dilation of pre-capillary arterioles
Increased vascular permeability Activation of C-fibres and sensation of pain Adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelial cells Neutrophil accumulation at the site of inflammation |
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What are C-fibres?
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Afferent fibers, conveying input signals from the periphery to the central nervous system
C fibers respond to a stronger intensity of stimulus and are responsible for the slow, dull, longer-lasting, second pain. |
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Histamine is stored in mast cells T/F
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T
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Histamine stimulates nociceptors T/F
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T
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What is a nociceptor?
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A sensory receptor that responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain.
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A sensory receptor that responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process usually causes the perception of pain
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Nociceptor
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Histamine does not increase local vascular permeability T/F
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F, it does increase local vascular permeability
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Histamine is released by anaphylactic reactions T/F
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T
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What is an anapyhlactic reaction?
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An acute allergic reaction to an antigen (e.g., a bee sting) to which the body has become hypersensitive
Type I hypersensitivity |
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What type of sensitivity is an anaphylactic reaction?
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Type I
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Histamine is formed by the deamination (removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound) of histidine T/F
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False!
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The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound
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Deamination
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Define 'deamination'
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The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound
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What is histidine?
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An amino acid!
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Interferon consists of one molecular species T/F
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False! It consists of MORE than one molecular species (alpha, beta and gamma)
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Interferon is involved in activating macrophages T/F
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T (IFN gamma)
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Which interferon is involved in activating macrophages?
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Interferon gamma
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Interferon is not a major antiviral factor T/F
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F
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Interferon has no effect on MHC expression T/F
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F
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Interferon has a molecular weight above 50 kD T/F
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F
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Dendritic cells are characterised by their ability to stimulate T-cells T/F
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T
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Dendritic cells are characterised by the expression of CD8 T/F
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F
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Dendritic cells are not characterised by the expression of IgM molecules T/F
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T
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Dendritic cells are characterised by their ability to release histamine T/F
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F
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CD4+ T-cells are T-helper cells T/F
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T
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CD4+ T-cells cannot secrete interferon T/F
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False, they secrete IFN gamma
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CD4+ T-cells can help B-cells to make IgG T/F
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T
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CD4+ T-cells can be infected with AIDS (HIV) virus T/F
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T
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Th1 cells produce IFN gamma T/F
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T
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Th2 cells activate macrophages T/F
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FALSE, Th1 cells activate macrophages, Th2 cells are the main helper cells for B-cells
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What are the main helper cells for B-cells?
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Th2 cells
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Th1 cells activate macrophages T/F
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T
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CD4+ T-cells use antibody genes for their antigen receptors T/F
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F
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CD8+ T-cells require Th1 cells to develop T/F
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T
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CD8+ T-cells cannot recognise and kill virus infected cells T/F
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F
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CD4+ T-cells secrete perforin T/F
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F, CD8+ T-cells do
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CD8+ T-cells secrete perforin to puncture cell membranes of infected cells causing them to lyse and then die, they then secrete IFN gamma to prevent infection of further infection of neighbouring cells T/F
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T
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IFN gamma is secreted by CD8 T-cells in order to prevent further infection of neighbouring cells by virus T/F
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T
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CD8+ T-cells need cell-to-cell contact with their targets for killing T/F
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F
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CD8+ T-cells can bind free virus T/F
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F
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CD8+ T-cells can only bind to viral peptides that are associated with MHC Class I T/F
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T (They can't bind free virus)
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Cytotoxic, but not helper, T-Cells are present in the lymph nodes T/F
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F, both are present
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T-cells in the lymph nodes are mainly in the medullary region T/F
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False! Mainly in the paracortical areas of lymph nodes
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T-cells in lymph nodes are found mainly in the paracortical areas T/F
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T
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T-cells in lymphocytes occur predominantly in the medullary region T/F
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F! Mainly in the paracortical region!
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TCR recognises epitopes on linear peptides associated with MHC determinants T/F
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T
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TCR is not associated with CD3 as its signalling T/F
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F
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TCR consists of Ig light chains T/F
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F
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A mature B-cell has IgM and IgD expressed on its surface at the same time T/F
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T
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MCH Class II exists on the surface of mature B-cells T/F
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T
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CD79b does not exist on the surface of mature B-cells T/F
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F
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The B lymphocyte antigen receptor is a multimeric complex that includes the antigen-specific component, surface immunoglobulin (Ig). Surface Ig non-covalently associates with two other proteins, Ig-alpha and Ig-beta, which are necessary for expression and function of the B-cell antigen receptor. This gene encodes the Ig-beta protein of the B-cell antigen component
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CD79b
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What is 'CD79b'?
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The B lymphocyte antigen receptor is a multimeric complex that includes the antigen-specific component, surface immunoglobulin (Ig). Surface Ig non-covalently associates with two other proteins, Ig-alpha and Ig-beta, which are necessary for expression and function of the B-cell antigen receptor. This gene encodes the Ig-beta protein of the B-cell antigen component
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B-cell receptor does not recognise conformational epitopes T/F
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F
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A sequence of subunits (usually, amino acids) composing an antigen that come in direct contact with a receptor of the immune system.
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Conformational epitope
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Define 'Conformational epitope'
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a sequence of subunits (usually, amino acids) composing an antigen that come in direct contact with a receptor of the immune system.
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What is a 'paratope?'
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The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope
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The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called the...
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Paratope
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B-cells that are in lymph nodes become absent in Bruton's disease T/F
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T
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B-cells in lymph nodes express surface CD T/F
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FALSE!
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B-cells in lymph nodes mainly produce cytokines T/F
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F
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B-cells in lymph nodes are phagocytic T/F
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F
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system are normally found in the lamina propria of the intestine T/F
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T
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system mainly produce IgA antibodies, but not IgG T/F
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T
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system home mainly to mucosal sites and not systemic lymphoid organs T/F
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T
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system home mainly to systemic lymphoid organs T/F
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F - Mainly mucosal sites
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system are T-cells, but not B-cells T/F
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F, they are both T-cells and B-cells
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system make up less than 10% of the lymphoid tissues in the body T/F
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F - They make up more than 10%
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Lymphocytes of the mucosal immune system have homing receptors for mucosal tissues T/F
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T
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MHC Class I is also known as the endogenous/exogenous pathway
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Endogenous
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MHC Class II is also known as the endogenous/exogenous pathway
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Exogenous
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The endogenous pathway generates peptides, complexes them with with MHC class I molecules for presentation to cytotoxic T-cells T/F
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T
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The endogenous pathway does not process antigen that is present in the cytosol T/F
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F
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The exogenous pathway processes antigens taken into the cell by phagocytosis T/F
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T
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IgE binds to mast cells via the Fab region T/F
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F, IgE binds to mast cells via its Fc region
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How does IgE differ from IgG?
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Different heavy chains
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IgE is the main antibody thought to be made against worms T/F
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T
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IgE is bound together by J chains T/F
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F
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EDVR Distribution Navy Enlisted
Classification Code (DNEC) Management? |
Section 6
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IgA is not present in milk and secretions T/F
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F
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IgA can occur as monomers, but not as dimers T/F
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F
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IFN gamma is produced by Th1 cells in order to activate macrophages (Also secreted by T cytotoxic cells to prevent further infection) T/F
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T
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It is produced by Th1 cells in order to activate macrophages
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IFN gamma
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Secreted by T cytotoxic cells to prevent further infection
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IFN gamma
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IFN gamma cannot activate macrophages T/F
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F
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IFN alpha and IFN beta are produced by all cells of the body T/F
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T
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Which cells produce IFN gamma? (3)
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Th1 cells
Cytotoxic T-cells Natural Killer cells |
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IFN gamma has antiviral properties T/F
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T
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Type I (Ig_) mediated hypersensitivity
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IgE
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Type I (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity does not involve degranulation of mast cells T/F
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F
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Type I (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity is responsible for the weal and flare immediate skin reaction to pollen T/F
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T
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Skin allergies frequently cause rashes, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a "_____ ___ _____" reaction characteristic of hives and angioedema.
|
Wheal and flare
|
|
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What is a 'Wheal and flare' reaction?
|
Skin allergies frequently cause rashes, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a "wheal and flare" reaction characteristic of hives and angioedema.
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Type I (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity is responsible for hayfever T/F
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T
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Type I (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity is responsible for the delayed skin reaction (the Mantoux reaction) to tuberculin in sensitive subjects T/F
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F
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Type I (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity causes neonatal Graves' Disease T/F
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F!
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Type I (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity is not usually associated with renal deposits of immune complexes T/F
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T
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity gives rise to the Mantoux reaction to tuberculin T/F
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T
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity depends upon the triggering of primed T-cells by antigen T/F
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T
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity causes the contact hypersensitivity reaction to nickel T/F
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T
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity depends upon complement activation T/F
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F
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Immediate Hypersensitivity includes which immunoglobulin?
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IgE
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Autoimmunity causes Di-George syndrome T/F
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T
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity cannot give rise to disease in individuals with particular HLA types T/F
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F
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Autoimmunity of non-organ-specific type is typical of Hashimoto's thyroiditis T/F
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T
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity is never associated with immunodeficiency virus T/F
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F
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Type IV cell mediated hypersensitivity to adrenal antigen results in _________ disease
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Addison's disease
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IgM mainly functions in the blood stream (in their pentameric form as opposed to their monomeric form as BCR) T/F
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T
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Antibody cannot block the action of toxins T/F
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F
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Antibodies are anti-mycobacterial factors T/F
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F
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Antibodies do not always require complement to be protective against bacteria T/F
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T
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Intracellular infections can be controlled by cytotoxic T-cells T/F
|
T
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Intracellular infections can be controlled by helper T-cells T/F
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T
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Intracellular infections can be controlled by macrophage activation T/F
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T
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Intracellular infections can be controlled via IgA T/F
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F
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Intracellular infections can be controlled by complement T/F
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F
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