I&d Innate And Adaptive Immunity

Front 1

What are the three levels of defence

Back 1

External
If breached --> Innate
If necessary --> Adaptive

Front 2

What protects the body from pathogens entering via epithelial layers?

Back 2

Various secretions

Front 3

Source and substance of protection from pathogens in: Eyes

Back 3

Lysozyme from lacrimal glands (tears)

Front 4

Source and substance of protection from pathogens in: Ears

Back 4

Waxy secretion (cerumen) from sebaceous glands

Front 5

Source and substance of protection from pathogens in: Mouth

Back 5

Lysozyme and proteases from the salivary glands

Front 6

Source and substance of protection from pathogens in: Skin

Back 6

Lysozyme, NaCl, lactic acid, fatty acids from sweat glands and sebaceous glands (sebum)

Front 7

Source and substance of protection from pathogens in: Stomach

Back 7

Digestive enzymes and low pH (~2), from gastric juices

Front 8

When is the immune system activated? What is its action?

Back 8

Activated when outer defences breached. Action is to recognise invaders and then dispose of them.

Front 9

What type of molecules can antigens be?

Back 9

Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

Front 10

From which stem cells do most cells of the immune system develop from? Where are they found?

Back 10

Haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Front 11

Cells of the adaptive response are mainly organised into...

Back 11

...lymphoid organs and tissues (e.g. lymph nodes and spleen)

Front 12

Phagocytes are mostly...

Back 12

...neutrophils and macrophages

Front 13

What is a leukocyte?

Back 13

Any of the blood cells that lack hemoglobin, colourless and with nucleus. Its major function involves the body's immune system, protecting the body against invading microorganisms and foreign particles.

AKA WBCs

Front 14

What is a granulocyte?

Back 14

A leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm.

Front 15

What is a neutrophil?

Back 15

A granulocyte, a white blood cell. The chief phagocytic leukocyte

Front 16

What is a macrophage?

Back 16

A phagocytic cell derived from blood monocyte.

Role is to phagocytose cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells, and to stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen.

Front 17

What are the main cells of the innate immune response? (6)

Back 17

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Basophils
Natural Killer Cells
Mast Cells

Front 18

What is the function of eosinophils, basophils and mast cells?

Back 18

To secrete inflammatory mediators

Front 19

What are/what is the function of NK cells?

Back 19

cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system.
NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses.

Front 20

How do NK cells kill other cells?

Back 20

Release small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis.

Front 21

What are perforin and granzyme?

Back 21

Substances released by NK cells that cause cells to die by apoptosis.

Front 22

What are the molecules of the innate response?

Back 22

Complement, cytokines, acute phase proteins

Front 23

What is the 'complement' molecule of the innate response?

Back 23

A cascade that is effective against bacteria

Front 24

What are cytokines (molecule of the innate response)? What is an example of one?

Back 24

Small family of proteins produced in response to VIRAL infection - able to stop viral growth within cells

e.g. interferon

Front 25

What is an 'acute phase protein' (molecule of the innate response)? What is an example of one?

Back 25

Proteins which help phagocytes engulf bacteria. E.g. C-reactive protein - made in the liver

Front 26

The innate immune system has a broad specificity and is designed to cope with most kinds of infection

T/F

Back 26

True (:


1803111110

Front 27

What is another name for the adaptive immune response?

Back 27

The acquired immune response

Front 28

Adaptive responses rely upon cells called...

Back 28

...lymphocytes

Front 29

What do lymphocytes do?

Back 29

They recognised microbial agents by using highly antigen-specific receptors.
They are clonally selected to expand up in number by cell proliferation

Front 30

What are the two main types of lymphocyte?

Back 30

T (thymus) and B (made in bone marrow) cells.

Front 31

What is the function of T cells?

Back 31

Killing infected cells or helping/regulating other cells of the immune system

Front 32

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

Back 32

They mature into specialised antibody factories when activated, called plasma cells.

Front 33

Where are lymphocytes found? (3)

Back 33

Blood stream
Lymphatics (lymphatic system)
Lymphoid organs and tissues

Front 34

T-cells become fully mature in the...

Back 34

Thymus

Front 35

B cells become fully mature in the

Back 35

Bone marrow

Front 36

T cells have an immunological memory T/F

Back 36

T

Front 37

B cells have an immunological memory T/F

Back 37

T

Front 38

T-cells have antigen receptors T/F

Back 38

True. T-cell receptor (TCR) - this differentiates them from other lymphocytes like NK and B cells

Front 39

B-cells have antigen receptors T/F

Back 39

True . B-cell receptor (BCR)

Front 40

What is the major secreted product of T-cells?

Back 40

Cytokines

Front 41

What is the major secreted product of B cells?

Back 41

Antibody

Front 42

What is a cytokine?

Back 42

Non-antibody cell signalling proteins.
Differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialised glands.
Generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Front 43

What does endocrine mean?

Back 43

Pertaining to internal secretions

Front 44

What does paracrine mean?

Back 44

Of or relating to a hormone or to a secretion released by (endocrine) cells into the adjacent cells or surrounding tissue rather than into the bloodstream.

Front 45

Define autocrine

Back 45

Of, relating to, or being a substance that acts on surface receptors of the same cell that produced it.

Front 46

What are the subsets of T-cells?

Back 46

T-helper/T-regulatory/T-cytotoxic

Front 47

What are the subsets of B-cells?

Back 47

B1/B2

Front 48

Where are the target microbes of T-cells?

Back 48

Intracellular

Front 49

Where are the target microbes of B-cells?

Back 49

Extracellular

Front 50

What are the properties of lymphocytes? (3)

Back 50

Very high specificity
Slow start
Development of immunological memory

Front 51

Macrophages present antigen to...

Back 51

T cells

Front 52

Dendritic cells present antigen to...

Back 52

T cells

Front 53

Compare specificity to the innate and adaptive immune system

Back 53

Innate: Broad
Adaptive: Highly specific

Front 54

Compare speed and duration of the innate and adaptive immune system

Back 54

Innate: Rapid, short-lived
Adaptive: Slow-prolonged

Front 55

Compare molecules of the innate and adaptive immune system

Back 55

Innate: complement, cytokines, acute phase proteins

Adaptive: Antibody, cytokines

Front 56

Compare development of memory to the innate and adaptive immune system

Back 56

Innate: No

Adaptive: Yes

Front 57

Give two examples of immunodeficiency diseases

Back 57

Chronic granulomatous disease

AIDS

Front 58

What is the type of disease when the immune system over-reacts against antigens?

Back 58

Allergies

Front 59

What is the term when the immune system attacks our own body components?

Back 59

Autoimmune disease