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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is brucellosis?
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chronic dz involving mainly the reproductive tract of animals resulting in abortion and/or infertility
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What is the morphology of Brucella spp?
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small, gram neg aerobic coccobacilli; obligate parasites of animals; facultative intracellular bacteria
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What is the etiologic agent of cattle abortion?
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Brucella abortus
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What is the etiologic agent of swine abortion?
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Brucella suis
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What is the etiologic agent of sheep/goat abortion?
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Brucella melitensis
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What is the etiologic agent of dog epididymitis and abortion?
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Brucella canis
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What is the etiologic agent of ram epididymitis and (rarely) abortion?
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Brucella ovis
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What are the characteristics of smooth Brucella? Which spp are smooth?
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long polyvalent O side chains - will cross react with one another on agglutination tests.... B. abortus, B. suis, B. melitensis
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What are the characteristics of rough Brucella? Which spp are rough?
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short or absent polyvalent O side chains; will cross react with on e another on agglutination tests..... B. canis, B. ovis
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Do rough and smooth Brucella cross react on agglutination tests?
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No
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What is the general pathogenesis of Brucella spp?
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entry through skin/mucosa --> transport to and replication in local lymph nodes --> ability to survive inside macrophages --> spread to other tissues via infected macrophages (hemolymphatic: spleen, liver, lymph nodes; repro tract)
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How does Brucella cause abortions?
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infection of endometrium --> cotyledon --> necrosis and edema --> fetal infection or placenta infection which leads to abortion (fetus will not be infected)
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What is the compound found in allantoic fluid that stimulates growth of brucellae?
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erythritol
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Which Brucella spp are found in aborted fetuses and uterine discharges and enter the body via oral/nasal mucosa?
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B. abortus, B. canis, B. suis, B. melitensis
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Which Brucella spp are found in milk and enter the body orally?
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B. abortus and B. melitensis
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Which Brucella spp are found in semen and enter via the repro tract?
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B. canis, B. suis, B. ovis
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Which Brucella spp are found in urine and enter via oral or nasal conjunctiva?
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B. canis, B. suis
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Which type of immunity is important in Brucellosis infections?
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Cell-mediated immunity: intramacrophage existence; most infections are persistent
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Humoral immunity is not protective but why is it important?
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Ab are used for diagnosis of brucellosis
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What is the definitive diagnosis of Brucella?
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culture: aborted fetuses and placenta, semen, testicles, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, blood cultures in swine and dog (but its a BSL-3 org --> send to diagnostic lab)
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How is Brucella diagnosed on direct exam?
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aborted fetuses: stomach and lung contents
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How is Brucella diagnosed by serology?
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assumption is made that if an animal is seropositive, it is infected; most tests are less specific but highly sensitive --> follow up with more specific tests; #need to have definitive diagnosis before culling based on serology
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What is the etiologic agent of Bovine Brucellosis? What are the reservoirs?
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Brucella abortus; reservoirs: cattle, bison, elk
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What dz can B. abortus cause in horses?
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fistulous withers and poll evil
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How is bovine Brucellosis diagnosed?
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abortions > 5 months gestation, bulls: epidydimitis, orchitis, seminal vesiculitis; Culture placenta, fetal stomach contents; serology: agglutination tests (card tests, plate tests, Rivanol tube tests, milk ring tests), ELISA, PCFI
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How does the Brucella Milk Ring Test work?
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detects Ab to Brucella abortus in milk: purple milk ring will form in positive sample
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What is the control program for bovine brucellosis?
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Federal-State Cooperative Program for Brucellosis Eradication: Surveillance, Vaccination, and Idemnity (money paid for brucellosis reactors)
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How are cattle surveyed in the Federal-state program?
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dairy cattle: ring test; market testing: use the card test at sale barns or at slaughter ----> surveillance not practiced as much anymore due to program budget cuts
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What is the vaccine for bovine brucellosis?
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strain 19 (old strain, more virulent, but more effective); RB51: rough attenuated strain that does not elicit Ab reactive in the commonly used agglutination tests
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What are the sources for brucella infected cattle in texas/louisiana and Idaho/Montana?
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Mexico and Yellowstone elk and bison
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What is the etiologic agent of swine Brucellosis? Reservoir?
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Brucella suis; reservoir: swine (domestic and feral)
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What is the main clinical sign of swine brucellosis?
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abortion (also may see orchitis or arthritis)
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What are the control programs for swine brucellosis?
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test and slaughter control program; no vaccine
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What is the etiologic agent of Foreign Ovine Brucellosis?
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Brucella melitensis; has been found in South Texas (from Mexico)
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What is the etiologic agent of Ovine Brucellosis in the US? name of dz?
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Brucella ovis: *Contagious epididymitis in rams (epididymal swelling in adult rams, young rams due to noncontagious epididymitis agents)
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What are the characteristics of B. ovis?
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rough brucella; host specific- just sheep; unusual in that major clinical sign is epididymitis; abortions have occurred but rare
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How is B. ovis transmitted?
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*ram to ram via semen; ram to ewe to ram (passive transfer by ewes) during same estrus
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What are the main clinical signs of B. ovis?
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epididymitis in mature rams; infertility in flock
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How is B. ovis diagnosed?
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culture: semen, testicles; serology
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What are the control methods of B. ovis?
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palpation: cull positives in adult rams; serology: cull positives; separate older rams from younger rams to prevent transmission
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Is there a vaccine for B. ovis?
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killed bacterin vaccine: may decrease clinical signs but does not prevent infection; can interfere with serological tests
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What is the etiologic agent of Canine Brucellosis? Reservoir?
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Brucella canis: rough Brucella; dogs are major reservoir
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What are the clinical signs of Canine Brucellosis?
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dogs are not generally ill (no fever, no outward signs other than possible lymphadenopathy, low-grade bacteremia for up to 3 years); *Reproductive abnormalities: abortion in last 2 weeks of pregnacy, epididymitis and/or orchitis, infertility; diskospondylitis; glomerulonephritis; anterior uveitis/endopthalmitis
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How is Canine Brucellosis diagnosed?
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Serology (interpret carefully): Rapid slide agglutination test - screening test, high false positive rate, all positive samples should undergo additional testing
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What is the definitive diagnosis of Canine Brucellosis?
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culture: aborted fetuses, uterine discharges, blood cultures, semen, lymph nodes
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What is the treatment for Canine Brucellosis?
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controversial: no established abx regimens to guarantee elimination; treatment only in *neutered animals; doxycycline for 4 weeks
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What are control methods for Canine Brucellosis in breeding kennels?
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quarantine kennels and allow no breeding; confirm diagnosis by culture or overwhelming serological test results w/ clinical signs; serotest all dogs, cull all positives; serotest monthly until 3 neg tests for all dogs; allow only seroneg dogs to enter kennel
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What are the Brucellae of marine mammals?
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B ceti (cetaceans); B pinnipedialis (seals and sea lions)
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Is Brucellosis zoonotic?
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yes: "Undulant Fever" in humans - intermittent flu-like signs, fever, joint pain, myalgia; may persist for years; tx not always successful
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What Brucella spp affect humans?
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B melitensis > B abortus and B suis > B canis; Brucellosis caused by any species in any species of animal is REPORTABLE
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