I&d Allergy And Other Immune Hypersensitivities

Front 1

What is immunopathology?

Back 1

An immune response that causes pathology

Front 2

How many types of hypersensitivity are there in the Gell and Coombs classification?

Back 2

Five (fifth was subsequently added)

Front 3

Which classes in the G&C classification are dependent on antibody effector mechanisms?

Back 3

I, II and III

Front 4

Which class in the G&C classification involves T cell effector mechanisms?

Back 4

IV

Front 5

What does the fourth class of the G&C classification involve?

Back 5

T cell effector mechanisms

Front 6

What are the three different ways in which antibody can lead to pathology?

Back 6

Via IgE (allergies)
Via IgG (cytotoxicity)
Via antibody-antigen complexes (vascular damage)

Front 7

What does antibody pathology via IgE lead to?

Back 7

Allergies

Front 8

What does antibody pathology via IgG lead to?

Back 8

Cytotoxicity

Front 9

What does antibody pathology via antibody-antigen complexes lead to?

Back 9

Vascular damage

Front 10

Allergies are caused by antibody pathology via...

Back 10

IgE

Front 11

Cytotoxicity is caused by antibody pathology via...

Back 11

IgG

Front 12

Vascular damage is caused by antibody pathology via...

Back 12

Antibody-antigen complexes

Front 13

All hypersensitivity reactions are essentially normal immune responses occurring in an inappropriate way T/F

Back 13

T

Front 14

All hypersensitivity reactions occur due to one mechanism T/F

Back 14

False

Front 15

Where is type I hypersensitivity seen?

Back 15

In hayfever and asthma

Front 16

Interaction of antigen with mast cells pre-sensitised with IgE induces degranulation, with the release of preformed mediators such as histamine and newly formed mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Back 16

Type I hypersensitivity

Front 17

How long does it take the immediate IgE response to finish in Type I hypersensitivity?

Back 17

One hour

Front 18

The immediate IgE response is frequently followed by a late phase response occurring 5-12 hours later, associated with infiltration by...

Back 18

CD4+ helper T-cells, monocytes and eosinophils

Front 19

What is an 'antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity' (ADCC) reaction? Which type of hypersensitivity is it involved in?

Back 19

A type of reaction that can attack antibody-coated target cells and destroy them. (Type II hypersensitivity)

Front 20

What is a feature of patients with Goodpasture's syndrome? (Type II hypersensitivity)

Back 20

They have antibodies against both lung and parenchyma and kidney basement membrane because these organs share common antigens

Front 21

A type of reaction that can attack antibody-coated target cells and destroy them. (Type II hypersensitivity)

Back 21

An 'antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity' (ADCC) reaction

Front 22

They have antibodies against both lung and parenchyma and kidney basement membrane because these organs share common antigens

Back 22

Patients with Goodpasture's syndrome

Front 23

Learn about Rhesus D- mothers and RhD+ babies

Back 23

.

Front 24

IgG antibodies can pass the placenta T/F

Back 24

T

Front 25

When is anti-Rhesus D given to a pregnant woman who is RhD- with a baby who is RhD+?

Back 25

At 28 weeks and within 24 hours of giving birth if the baby is RhD+

Front 26

What is the disease caused by IgG anti-rhesus antibodies crossing the placenta?

Back 26

*H*aemolytic *D*isease of the *N*ewborn (HDN)

Front 27

Killer cells, such as NK cells, mediate ADCC and can activate complement T/F

Back 27

T

Front 28

What leads to type III hypersensitivity?

Back 28

Immune complexes which fail to be cleared

Front 29

Give two examples of immune complex diseases (Type III hypersensitivity)

Back 29

Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Front 30

In SLE, where are immune complexes typically deposited?

Back 30

The kidney

Front 31

Immune complexes deposited in the kidney can activate complement, via which pathway? And what is the consequence of this?

Back 31

Via the classical pathway. And it subsequently recruits neutrophils by the chemotactic activity of C5a

Front 32

The interaction of antigen with T-cells induces....and release of...

Back 32

proliferation of T-cells and cytokine release

Front 33

Type IV hypersensitivity involves antibodies T/F

Back 33

False!


2030251110

Front 34

Give an example of type IV hypersensitivity

Back 34

The tuberculin skin reaction (what I had done!)

Front 35

Persistent infection with mycobacteria can give rise to granulomas T/F

Back 35

T

Front 36

What is a granuloma?

Back 36

A mass of granulation tissue, typically produced in response to infection, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign substance

Front 37

A mass of granulation tissue, typically produced in response to infection, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign substance

Back 37

A granuloma

Front 38

Th2 releases IFN-gamma T/F

Back 38

FALSE! Th1 cells do that!

Front 39

Th1 cells release IFN-gamma which stimulates macrophages to release inflammatory mediators such as...

Back 39

TNF and oxygen intermediates

Front 40

Give an example of a cell that releases TNF

Back 40

A macrophage

Front 41

Give an example of a cell that releases oxygen intermediates

Back 41

A macrophage

Front 42

Which type of hypersensitivity describes stimulatory antibody against cell surface receptors?

Back 42

Type V

Front 43

Which disease shows type V hypersensitivity?

Back 43

Graves' disease

Front 44

What is Graves' disease?

Back 44

An autoimmune condition affecting the thyroid gland, where autoantibodies to the receptor for the thyroid stimulating hormone are responsible for the pathology

Antibody directed towards a cell surface receptor mimics the effect of the receptor ligand and stimulates the cell

Front 45

Types I-V hypersensitivity reactions are all components of the innate/adaptive immune response

Back 45

Adaptive!

Front 46

Some infections can lead to 'toxic shock syndrome' give two bacteria that can cause this (innate immune response)

You did a case on one of them!

Back 46

Staphlococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 47

Toxic shock syndrome involves excessive release of...

Back 47

TNF
IL-1
IL-6

Front 48

Excessive release of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 is associated with...

Back 48

Toxic shock syndrome

Front 49

Give two examples of innate hypersensitivity

Back 49

Toxic shock syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Front 50

Toxic shock syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome are examples of innate/adaptive hypersensitivity

Back 50

Innate

Front 51

Associated with gram-negative bacteria and primarily due to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin provoking a massive invasion of the lung by neutrophils

Back 51

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Front 52

Discuss what happens in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Back 52

Associated with gram-negative bacteria and primarily due to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin provoking a massive invasion of the lung by neutrophils