Icsm Year 2 Anatomy Of The Limbs

Front 1

Functions of bone

Back 1

Support the body shape

System of levers for muscle action

Protection of internal organs

Site of blood formation

Mineral storage pool

Hint 1

5

Front 2

Mechanical properties of bone

Back 2

Cable-like flexibility and resistance to tension (collagen)

Pillar-like flexibility and resistance to compression (hydroxyapatite)

Hint 2

2

Front 3

Two main types of bone tissue

Back 3

Woven (immature) - more random, weaker, more flexible

Lamellar (mature) - in normal skeleton

Front 4

Two main layers of lamellar bone

Back 4

Cortical bone

Cancellous bone

Front 5

Session 3

Back 5

Session 3

Hint 5

Session 3

Front 6

List the proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial

Back 6

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Hint 6

4

Front 7

List the distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial

Back 7

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

Hint 7

4

Front 8

Describe the linear roughening on the posterior surface of the Humerus

Back 8

For the attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii

Begins just inferior to the surgical neck - passes diagonally across the bone - deltoid tuberosity

Hint 8

Function

Anatomy

Front 9

Describe the anatomy of the radial groove

Back 9

Marks the margin between the middle posterior surface + adjacent part of the anterolateral surface

Parallel to the posterior margin of the deltoid tuberosity

Hint 9

2

Front 10

What lies in the radial groove?

Back 10

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery

Hint 10

2

Front 11

Session 2

Back 11

Session 2

Hint 11

Session 2

Front 12

Describe the scapula

Back 12

Overlies ribs 2 - 7

Angles: Inferior, Superior, Lateral

Border: Superior, Medial, Lateral

Processes: Acromion, Coracoid

Surfaces: Anterior, Posterior

Hint 12

Ribs it overlies

Angles

Boreders

Processes

Surfaces

Front 13

Articulations of the scapula

Back 13

Gleno-humeral joint

Acromio-clavicular joint

Scapulo-thoracic joint

Hint 13

3

Front 14

Tubercles of the scapula

Back 14

Infraglenoid tubercle - site of attachment of the long head of the tricep

Supraglenoid tubercle - site of attachment of the long head of the bicep

Hint 14

2

Front 15

Scapula:

Superior border

Acromion process

Glenoid fossa

Inferior angle

Lateral border

Supraglenoid fossa

Coracoid process

Subscapular fossa

Scapular notch

Superior angle

Medial border

Back 15

Front 16

Acromial end

Shaft body

Sternal end

Acromial facet

Subclavian groove

Impression for costoclavicular ligament

Sternal facet

Back 16

Front 17

Joints of the clavicle

Back 17

Sterno-clavicular joint

Acromio-clavicular joint

Front 18

How is the shaft of the clavicle divided

Back 18

Medial 2/3

Lateral 1/3

Front 19

Bodies on the inferior surface of the lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle

Back 19

Conoid tubercle - attachment for coracoclavicular ligament

Trapezoid line - attachment for trapezoid ligament

Hint 19

2

Front 20

Articulations of the head of the humerus

Back 20

Glenoid cavity of scapula

Front 21

Articulations of the capitulum and trochlea

Back 21

Radius and Ulna respectively

Front 22

Four nerves the humerus is in contact with

Back 22

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

Ulnar nerve

Median nerve

Front 23

Axillary nerve

Back 23

Winds around the surgical neck of the humerus

Runs with posterior circumflex humeral artery

Can be damaged in shoulder dislocation

Test for damage by asking patient to abduct injured shoulder against resistance

Hint 23

Where does it run

What does it run with

How can it be damaged

How do you test for damage

Front 24

Radial nerve

Back 24

Runs in the radial groove

Runs with profunda brachii artery

Damaged in humeral shaft fractures

Hint 24

Where does it run

What does it run with

How can it be damaged

Front 25

Ulnar nerve

Back 25

Runs posterior to the medial epicondyle and is very superficial

Damaged in fractures and dislocations around the elbow joint

Hint 25

Where does it run

How can it be damged

Front 26

Median nerve

Back 26

Runs anterior to the distal humerus

Damaged in fractures and dislocations around the elbow joint

Hint 26

Where does it run

How can it be damaged

Front 27

Attachments of the bicipital (intertubercular) groove

Back 27

Pectoralis major - lateral lip of the groove

Teres Major - medial lip of the groove

Latissimus dorsi - floor of the groove

Hint 27

3

Front 28

Most common site of fracture on the humerus

Back 28

Surgical neck

Front 29

Four joints of the pectoral girdle

Back 29

Summation of:

Sterno-clavicular joint (SCJ)

Acromio-clavicular joint (ACJ)

Scapulo-thoracic joint

Gleno-humeral joint

If one is damaged the whole unit is impaired

Front 30

Components of a synovial joint

Back 30

Cartilage - capsule (synovial membrane + fibrous membrane) - synovial fluid

Hint 30

3

Front 31

Ligaments of the acromio-clavicular joint

Back 31

Acromio-clavicular ligament

Coraco-clavicular ligament (conoid + trapezoid)

Coraco-acromial ligament

Hint 31

3

Front 32

How is the acromio-clavicular joint commonly injured

Back 32

Falls onto outstretched hands

Front 33

What injuries predispose to minor and major dislocations

Back 33

Minor dislocation: acromio-clavicular ligament alone is torn

Major dislocations: coraco-clavicular ligament alone is torn

Front 34

Which structures help provide stability for the gleno-humeral joint

Back 34

Tendons of the rotator cuff muscles

Long head of biceps

Ligaments

Capsule

Coraco-acromial ligament

Glenoid labrum

Hint 34

6

Front 35

Two extensions of the shoulder joint capsule

Back 35

Subacromial bursa - capsule extends above the humeral head to form a bursa between it and the overlying acromion process (site of shoulder impingement)

Extenstion around the long head of biceps and lies in the bicipital groove

Front 36

Ligaments that blend with the shoulder joint capsule

Back 36

Gleno-humeral ligament - strengthens the anterior portion

Coraco-humeral ligament - strengthens superiorly

Transverse humeral ligament

Front 37

Function of the transverse humeral ligament

Back 37

Holds the tendon of the long head of biceps in the inter-tubercular (bicipital) groove

Front 38

Muscles involved in flexion of the shoulder joint

Back 38

Clavicular head of pectoralis major

Anterior fibres of deltoid

Coraco-brachialis

Biceps brachii

Hint 38

4

Front 39

Muscles involved in extension of the shoulder joint

Back 39

Latissimus dorsi

Posterior fibres of the deltoid

Hint 39

2

Front 40

Muscles involved in abduction of the shoulder joint

Back 40

Supraspinatus (first 15 degrees)

Central fibres of deltoid (after 15 degrees)

Hint 40

2

Front 41

Muscles involved in adduction of the shoulder joint

Back 41

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Hint 41

2

Front 42

Muscles involved in internal rotation of the shoulder joint

Back 42

Subscapularis

Hint 42

1

Front 43

Muscles involved in external rotation of the shoulder joint

Back 43

Infraspinatus

Hint 43

1

Front 44

Other muscles involved in resisting dislocation of the shoulder joint

Back 44

Rotator cuff - holds and depresses humeral head in glenoid

Deltoid

Coraco-brachialis

Short head of biceps

Long head of biceps

Hint 44

5

Front 45

Scapulo-thoracic joint

Back 45

Theoretical concept that represents the articulation between the scapula and chest wall

Hint 45

Definition

Front 46

Muscles involved in elevation of the scapula

Back 46

Superior trapezius

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

Hint 46

3

Front 47

Muscles involved in depression of the scaupla

Back 47

Inferior trapezius

Pecoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Hint 47

3

Front 48

Muscles involved in protraction of the scapula

Back 48

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Hint 48

2

Front 49

Muscles involved in retraction of the scapula

Back 49

Rhomboids

Middle trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Hint 49

3

Front 50

Muscles involved in upwards rotation of the scapula

Back 50

Superior trapezius

Inferior trapezius

Serratus anterior

Hint 50

3

Front 51

Muscles involved in downwards rotation of the scapula

Back 51

Pectoralis minor

Latissimus dorsi

Rhomboids

Levator scapulae

Hint 51

4

Front 52

Muscles involved in flexion at the elbow joint

Back 52

Biceps

Brachiails

Brachioradialis (pronator teres)

Hint 52

3

Front 53

Muscles involved in extension at the elbow joint

Back 53

Triceps (anconeus)

Hint 53

1

Front 54

Pectoralis major

Back 54

Origin: Clavicle, sternum, upper six costal cartialges

Insertion: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Action: adducts arm, rotates arm medially, flexion of humerus

Innervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Hint 54

Origin (3)

Insertion (1)

Action (3)

Innervation (2)

Front 55

Pectoralis minor

Back 55

Origin: Ribs 3, 4 and 5

Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

Action: Depression and protraction of scapula

Innervation: medial pectoral nerve

Hint 55

Origin (1)

Insertion (1)

Action (2)

Innervation (1)

Front 56

Subclavius

Back 56

Origin: First costal cartilage

Insertion: Inferior border of clavicle

Action: Depresses and stabilises clavicle

Innervation: Nerve to subclavius

Hint 56

Origin (1)

Insertion (1)

Action (1)

Innervation (1)

Front 57

Serratus anterior

Back 57

Origin: Upper eight ribs

Insertion: Medial border and inferior angle of scapula

Action: Pulls scapula forwards and rotates it

Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5,C6,C7)

Hint 57

Origin (1)

Insertion (2)

Action (1)

Innervation (1)

Front 58

Anterior pectoral muscles

Back 58

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Subclavius

Serratus anteriro

Hint 58

4

Front 59

Posterior pectoral muscles

Back 59

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

Hint 59

4

Front 60

Trapezius

Back 60

Origins: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, anterior of acromion, spine of scapula

Action: Elevates scapula, pulls scapula medially and pulls medial border of scapula downwards

Innervation: Spinal part of accessory nerve and C2 and C3

Hint 60

Origin (3)

Insertion (3)

Action (3)

Innervation (3)

Front 61

Latissimus dorsi

Back 61

Origin: Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spinal processes of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower ribs, scapula

Insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Action: Extends, adducts and medially rotates arm (palpated in posterior axillary fold

Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6,C7,C8)

Hint 61

Origin (4)

Insertion (1)

Action (3)

Innervation (1)

Front 62

Origin of the Levator scapulae

Back 62

Transverse processes of C1 - C4

Hint 62

1

Front 63

Insertion of levator scapulae

Back 63

Medial border of scapula

Hint 63

1

Front 64

Action of levator scapulae

Back 64

Elevates scapula

Hint 64

1

Front 65

Innervation of levator scapulae

Back 65

C3

C4

Dorsal scapular nerve

Hint 65

3

Front 66

Origin of the rhomboids

Back 66

Major:

Spines of T2-T5

Minor:

Ligamentum nuchae

Spines of C7 + T1

Hint 66

Major (1)

Minor (2)

Front 67

Insertion of the rhomboids

Back 67

Medial border of scapula

Hint 67

1

Front 68

Action of the rhomboids

Back 68

Elevates and retracts the medial border of scapula

Hint 68

2

Front 69

Intrinsic shoulder muscles

Back 69

Deltoid

Teres major

(rotator cuffs):

Supraspinatous

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Subscapularis

Hint 69

6

Front 70

Origin of deltoid

Back 70

Posterior of clavicle

Acromion

Inferior spine of scapula

Hint 70

3

Front 71

Insertion of deltoid

Back 71

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Hint 71

1

Front 72

Action of deltoid

Back 72

Abducts

Flexes

Medially rotates

Extends

Laterally rotates

the arm

Hint 72

5

Front 73

Innervation of deltoid

Back 73

Axillary nerve (C5,C6)

Hint 73

1

Front 74

Origin of teres major

Back 74

Lateral side of inferior angle of scapula

Hint 74

1

Front 75

Insertion of teres major

Back 75

Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Hint 75

1

Front 76

Action of teres major

Back 76

Medially rotates

Adducts

the arm

Hint 76

2

Front 77

How is teres major palpated

Back 77

Palpated in lower axillary fold

Hint 77

1

Front 78

Innervation of teres major

Back 78

Lower subscapular nerve (C5,C6)

Hint 78

1

Front 79

Origin of supraspinatus

Back 79

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Hint 79

1

Front 80

Insertion of supraspinatus

Back 80

Greater tubercle of humerus

Capsule of shoulder joint

Hint 80

2

Front 81

Action of supraspinatus

Back 81

Abduction of arm for the first 15 degrees

Hint 81

1

Front 82

Innervation of supraspinatus

Back 82

Suprascapular nerve

Hint 82

1

Front 83

Origin of infraspinatus

Back 83

Infraspinous fossa of scaupla

Hint 83

1

Front 84

Insertion of infraspinatus

Back 84

Greaters tubercle of humerus

Capsule of shoulder joint

Hint 84

2

Front 85

Action of infraspinatus

Back 85

Laterally rotates arm

Hint 85

1

Front 86

Innervation of infraspinatus

Back 86

Suprascapular nerve

Hint 86

1

Front 87

Origin of teres minor

Back 87

Lateral border of scapula

Hint 87

1

Front 88

Insertion of teres minor

Back 88

Greater tubercle of humerus

Capsule of shoulder joint

Hint 88

2

Front 89

Action of teres minor

Back 89

Laterally rotates arm

Hint 89

1

Front 90

Innervation of teres minor

Back 90

Axillary nerve

Hint 90

1

Front 91

Origin of subscapularis

Back 91

Subscapular fossa

Hint 91

1

Front 92

Insertion of subscapularis

Back 92

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Hint 92

1

Front 93

Action of subscapularis

Back 93

Medially rotates arm

Hint 93

1

Front 94

Innervation of subscapularis

Back 94

Upper and lower subscapular nerves

Hint 94

2

Front 95

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm

Back 95

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Coraco-brachialis

Hint 95

3

Front 96

Origin of biceps brachii

Back 96

Long head:

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Short head:

Coracoid process of capula

Hint 96

2

Front 97

Insertion of biceps brachii

Back 97

Radial tuberosity

Deep fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis

Hint 97

2

Front 98

Bicipital aponeurosis

Back 98

Broad aponeurosis of biceps brachii located in the cubital fossa

Seperates most superficial from deep structures and protects brachial artery and median nerve

Hint 98

3

Front 99

Action of biceps brachii

Back 99

Supinator (return to anatomical position) of flexed forearm

Flexor of elbow joint

Weak flexor of shoulder joint

Hint 99

3

Front 100

Innervation of biceps brachii

Back 100

Musculocutaneous nerve

Hint 100

1

Front 101

Origin of brachialis

Back 101

Anterior surface of humerus

Hint 101

1

Front 102

Insertion of brachialis

Back 102

Ulnar tuberosity

Ulnar coronoid process

Hint 102

2

Front 103

Action of brachialis

Back 103

Flexes elbow joint

Hint 103

1

Front 104

Innervation of brachialis

Back 104

Musculocutaneous nerve

Hint 104

1

Front 105

Origin of coracho-brachialis

Back 105

Coracoid process of scapula

Hint 105

1

Front 106

Insertion of coraco-brachialis

Back 106

Shaft of humerus

Hint 106

1

Front 107

Action of coraco-brachialis

Back 107

Flexes and adducts shoulder joint

Hint 107

1

Front 108

Innervation of coraco-brachialis

Back 108

Musculocutaneous nerve

Hint 108

1

Front 109

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the uppper arm

Back 109

Triceps brachii

Anconeus

Hint 109

2

Front 110

Origin of triceps brachii

Back 110

Long head:

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Medial head:

Posterior surface of humerus (lower part)

Lateral head:

Posterior surface of humerus (Upper part/linear roughening)

Hint 110

3

Front 111

Insertion of triceps brachii

Back 111

Olecranon process

Hint 111

1

Front 112

Action of triceps brachii

Back 112

Extends elbow joint

Hint 112

1

Front 113

Innervation of triceps brachii

Back 113

Radial nerve

Hint 113

1

Front 114

Origin of anconeus

Back 114

Lateral epicondyle of humerus (proximal end)

Hint 114

1

Front 115

Olecranon

Back 115

Curve bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow joint (opposite of cubital fossa)

Hint 115

1

Front 116

Insertion of anconeus

Back 116

Lateral surface of olecranon

Hint 116

1

Front 117

Action of anconeus

Back 117

Stabalise elbow during pronation and supination

Hint 117

1

Front 118

Innervation of anconeus

Back 118

Radial nerve

Hint 118

1

Front 119

Define pronation and supination

Back 119

Hint 119

Or demonstrate them

Front 120

Front 121

Front 122

Front 123

Front 124

Front 125

Front 126

Front 127

Shape of the Axilla + wallls

Back 127

Square based pyramid with:

Base

Apex

Anterior wall

Posterior wall

Medial wall

Lateral wall

Hint 127

7

Front 128

Contents of the base of axilla

Back 128

Skin

Subcutaneous tissue

Fascia extending from arm to chest

Hint 128

3

Front 129

Contents of the apex of axilla

Back 129

Between:

First rib

Clavicle

Superior border of subscapularis

Hint 129

3

Front 130

Contents of the anterior wall of axilla

Back 130

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Hint 130

2

Front 131

Contents of the posterior wall of axilla

Back 131

Scapula

Subscapularis (superiorly)

Teres minor (inferiorly)

Latissimus dorsi (inferiorly)

Hint 131

4

Front 132

Contents of medial wall of axilla

Back 132

Chest wall (ribs 1-4)

Serratus anterior

Hint 132

2

Front 133

Contents of lateral wall of axilla

Back 133

Humerus

Hint 133

1

Front 134

Contents of axilla

Back 134

Axillary artery

Axillary vein

Lymphatics

Brachial plexus

Hint 134

4

Front 135

When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

Back 135

When it passes over the first rib

Front 136

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery

Back 136

When it passes the inferior border of teres major

Front 137

When does the axillary artery divide

Back 137

When it passes pectoralis minor

(3 parts)

Front 138

When and into what does the brachial artery divide

Back 138

Divides at the elbow into:

Radial artery

Ulnar artery

Hint 138

3

Front 139

Which nerve does the brachial artery run alongside in the distal part of the arm

Back 139

Median nerve

Front 140

Biggest muscular branch of the brachial artery and with which nerve does it run

Back 140

Profunda brachii artery

Runs with the radial nerve

Hint 140

2

Front 141

Front 142

Describe the anastomosis between the subclavian and axillary artery

Back 142

Forms a network around the scapula

Between the:

Subclavian - deep branch of transverse cervical + suprascapular

and

Axillary - subscapular + circumflex scapular

Hint 142

Location

Arteries involved (6)

Front 143

Why are the anastomosis between the axillary and subclavian artery useful

Back 143

Provide collateral circulation and prevent ischemia

When the first part of the subclavian and thrid part of the axillary are obstructed

Hint 143

2

Front 144

How is the axillary artery divided into three parts

Back 144

Divided by pectoralis minor

Front 145

6 branches of the axillary artery

Back 145

Superior thoracic artery

Thoraco-acromial artery

Lateral thoracic artery

Subscapular artery

Anterior humeral circumflex artery

Posterior humeral circumflex artery

Hint 145

Some Times Life Seems A Pain

Front 146

Venae comitantes

Back 146

A pair (or more) of veins that closely accompany an artery such that pulsations of the artery aid venous return

Front 147

How is the axillary vein formed

Back 147

As the basilic vein (superficial) passes through deep fascia to join the venae comitantes of the brachial artery at the lower border of teres major

Hint 147

Preceding vein

Path

To join what

At what level

Front 148

Where does the axillary vein end and what does it become

Back 148

First rib

Where it become the subclavian vein

Front 149

Tributaries of the axillary vein and their clinical importance

Back 149

Large number of tributaries

Including cephalic vein

And some abdominal veins (clinically important if abdominal veins are occluded by a tumour)

Front 150

How does the Cephalic vein join the axillary vein

Back 150

Is superficial, passes on lateral aspect of arm

Passes deep into the delto-pectoral triangle to join axillary vein

Hint 150

Path along arm

Where it starts to run deep

Front 151

Describe lymph drainage from the hands

Back 151

Superficial lymphatics which run alongside the cephalic and basilic veins

Hint 151

Where they run (1)

Next to what (2)

Front 152

Location of three lymph nodes in the arm and shoulder

Back 152

Cubital

Axillary

Delto-pectoral

Hint 152

C

A

D

Front 153

Where does lymph drainage of that arm ultimately go

Back 153

Axillary

Front 154

Clinical significance of Axillary lymph nodes

Back 154

Breast carcinomas as lymphatic drainage of the breast includes axillary lymph nodes

Hint 154

Cancer

Front 155

Five groups of axillary lymph nodes

Back 155

Apical (all drain via this - subclavian lymphatic trunk - right lymphatic duct/thoracic duct)

Pectoral

Subscapular

Humeral

Central

Hint 155

A

P

S

H

C

Front 156

2 nerves in close relation to the axillary lymph node region and their clinical significance

Back 156

Long thoracic nerve - serratus anterior (section = winging of scapula)

Thoraco-dorsa nerve - Latissimus dorsi

May be cut when axillary lymph nodes are being sampled in patients with breast carcinomas

Hint 156

Nerve and muscle supplied

Nerve and muscle supplied

Clinical significance

Front 157

What is the brachial plexus formed from

Back 157

Anterior primary rami of C5 - T1 spinal nerve

Front 158

Where and from what are brachial plexus roots formed

Back 158

In the neck

From spinal nerve roots

Front 159

Where and from what are brachial plexus trunks formed

Back 159

In the inferior portion of the neck

From the roots

Front 160

Where and from what are brachial plexus divisions formed

Back 160

Behind the clavicle

From the trunks

Front 161

Where and from what are brachial plexus cords formed

Back 161

In close proximity to the axillary artery

From the divisions in the axilla

Front 162

Important nerves of the brachial plexus

Back 162

Long thoracic nerve

Suprascapular nerve

Lateral pectoral nerve

Axillary nerve

Musculo-cutaneous nerve

Ulnar nerve

Median nerve

Radial Nerve

Hint 162

9

Front 163

What does the long thoracic nerve supply

Back 163

Serratus naterior

Hint 163

1

Front 164

What does the suprascapular nerve supply

Back 164

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Hint 164

2

Front 165

What does the lateral pectoral nerve supply

Back 165

Pectoralis major

Hint 165

1

Front 166

What does the thoraco-dorsal nerve supply

Back 166

Latissimus dorsi

Hint 166

1

Front 167

What does the axillary nerve supply

Back 167

(C5)

Teres minor

Deltoid

Dermatome over deltoid

Hint 167

3

Front 168

Musculocutaneous nerve of the brachial plexus

Back 168

(C5-C7)

Supplies anterior compartment of the upper arm

Continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve in the forearm

Lies close to the subscapularis tendon

Can be damaged in surgery

Hint 168

Spinal roots

What does it supply

What does it continue as in the forearm

Which tendon does it lie close to

How can it be damaged

Front 169

Ulnar nerve of the brachial plexus

Back 169

(C8, T1)

Anterior compartment of forearm but mainly a nerve of the hand

Passes through the anterior compartment of upper arm initially but then posterior compartment more distally

Lies alongside brachial artery at the elbow

Can be damaged in elbow fractures/dislocations

Hint 169

Spinal roots

What does it supply

Path in the upper arm

What does it lie alongside at the elbow

How can it be damaged

Front 170

Median nerve of the brachial plexus

Back 170

(C6-T1)

Anterior compartment of the forearm and hand

Passes through the anterior compartment of upper arm

Lies alongside the brachial artery at the elbow

Can be damaged in elbow fractures and dislocations

Hint 170

Spinal roots

What does it supply

Path in the upper arm

What does it lie alongside at the elbow

How can it be damaged

Front 171

Radial nerve of the brachial plexus

Back 171

(C5-T1)

Posterior compartment of the upper arm and forearm

Lies in the radial groove of the humerus

Can be damaged there

Divides into the

Superficial radial nerve (sensory) and

Posterior inerosseus nerve (motor)

Just above the elbow

Hint 171

Spinal roots

What does it supply

Where does it lie in the upper arm

Where can it be damaged

What does it divide into

At what level does it divide

Front 172

Significance of a synovial ball and socket joint

Back 172

Allows for movement in many planes

Hint 172

1

Front 173

Describe an acromio-clavicular dislocation

Back 173

Dislocation of joint after trauma

Lateral third of clavicle is joined to the scapula by the

Coracoclavicular ligament (Conoid + Trapezoid ligaments)

Minor injury: tear the fibrous joint capsule and ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint

Major injury: Disrupt the conoid and trapezoid ligaments - elevation and upward subluxation of clavicle

Hint 173

Ligaments of the coracoclavicular ligament

Describe a minor injury

Describe a major injury

Front 174

Describe a gleno-humeral joint dislocation

Back 174

Most frequent is anterior dislocation

Anterior inferior glenoid labrum is torn

Once the joint capsule is disrupted - more susceptible to recurrent dislocations

Axillary nerve may be injured by direct compression by humeral head in anterior and inferior dislocation

Radial nerve may be damaged by "lengthening" of the humerus since it is tightly bound in radial groove - radial nerve paralysis

Posterior dislocation is extremely rare - focus on cause - vigorous muscle contraction - epileptic seizure - from electrocution

Hint 174

Most frequent type of dislocation

What is torn in this location

More susceptible to what after dislocation

How can the axillary nerve be damaged

How can the radial nerve be damaged

Cause of posterior dislocation

Front 175

Fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum

Back 175

Fibrocartilaginous rim around the glenoid fossa that acts to deepen the socket

Joint is still susceptible to dislocation even with fibrocatilaginous glenoid labrum and ligamentous support

Hint 175

1

Front 176

Describe rotator cuff impingement with regards to the rotator cuff tendon

Back 176

Rotator cuff tendon is trapped in the subacromial space

Tendon is repeatedly scraped against shoulder blade - fraying - weakening and susceptibility to tear + tendinopathy

Most commonly involves supraspinatus as it runs beneath acromion and acromioclavicular joint

Hint 176

Definition

Complications (5)

Muscle most commonly involved

Front 177

Describe rotator cuff impingement with regards to the supraspinatus ligament

Back 177

Space beneath which supraspinatus ligament passes if of fixed dimensions

Swelling of supraspinatus

Excessive fluid in subacromial/subdeltoid cavity

Subacromial bony spurs

Leads to impingement in abduction

This can cause degenerative change - calcium deposition - pain

Hint 177

Describe the space beneath which the supraspinatus ligament passes

Causes of impingement of the supraspinatus ligament

When does this impingement occur

What can this lead to

Front 178

Define Neer's impingement test

Back 178

Patient straigtens arm

Doctor raises arm forward keeping palm away from body

Pain = positive for rotator cuff impingement

Hint 178

2 actions

1 result

Front 179

Describe the painful arc test to diagnose tendonitis

Back 179

Start with arm by side

Lift arm outwards from side in an arc

Pain usually felt at a maximum between 70-120 degrees in cuff tendonitis

Hint 179

2 actions

1 result

Front 180

Anatomical basis of a frozen shoulder

Back 180

Adhesive capsulitis

Shoulder capsule surrounding glenohumeral joint becomes inflamed and stiff

Restricts motion + chronic pain

Front 181

Causes of winged shoulder blade

Back 181

Serratus anterior paralysis due to damage to long thoracic nerve

Trapezius palsy involving the accessory nerve

Rhomboid palsy involving the dorsal scapular nerve

Hint 181

3

Front 182

Cortical bone

Back 182

Outer hard layer of compact lamellar bone (arranged in osteon subunits)

Makes 80% of the skeleton

Slow turnover rate

high resistance to torsion and bending

Hint 182

Definiton

How much of the skeleton does it make

Turnover rate

Resistance to which types of forces

Front 183

Cancellous bone

Back 183

Spongy/trabecular

Inner layer of interlacing struts of lamellar bone

Less dense

Higher turnover rate

Consists of spicule with marrow between

Hint 183

Other names

Definition

Density

Turnover rate

What does it consist of

Front 184

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm

Back 184

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi radialis

Pronator teres

Palmaris longus

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Pronator quadratus

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor pollicis longus

Hint 184

F

F

P

P

F

P

F

F

Front 185

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

Back 185

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digitorum

Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Anconeus

Supinator

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extensor indicis

Hint 185

B

E

E

E

E

E

A

S

A

E

E

E

Front 186

Muscles of the hand

Back 186

Lumbricals

Opponens pollicis

Abductor pollicis

Flexor pollicis brevis

Opponens digiti minimi

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexor digiti minimi

Palmaris brevis

Adductor pollicis

Dorsal interosseous

Palmar interosseous

Hint 186

L

O

A

F

O

A

F

P

Front 187

Superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Back 187

Tensor Fascia Lata

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Hint 187

T

G

G

G

Front 188

Deep muscles of the gluteal region

Back 188

Piriformis (S1+S2)

Gemellus superior (L5+S1)

Obturator internus (L5+S1)

Gemellus inferior (L5+S1)

Quadratus femoris (L5+S1)

Hint 188

P

G

O

G

Q

Front 189

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Back 189

(Femoral nerve)

Iliopsoas (Iliacus + Psoas major)

Quadriceps femoris (Rectus femoris + Vastus lateralis + Vastus medialis + Vastus intermedius

Sartorius

Hint 189

I

P

R

V

V

V

S

Front 190

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Back 190

Gracilis

Pectineus

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

Adductor magnus

Obturator externus

Hint 190

G

P

A

A

A

O

Front 191

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Back 191

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosous

Semimembranosous

Hint 191

B

S

S

Front 192

Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

Back 192

Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

Soleus

Hint 192

G

P

S

Front 193

Deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

Back 193

Popliteus

Flexor hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus

Hint 193

P

F

T

F

Front 194

Tensor fascia lata

Back 194

Iliac crest - Iliotibial tract

Stabilise knee in extension

Stabilise femur in acetabulum

Superior gluteal nerve

Hint 194

Origin + insertion

Functions (2)

Innervation

Front 195

Gluteus maximus

Back 195

Iliac crest + Coccyx - posterior iliotibial tract + gluteal tuberosity of femur

Extends thigh

Inferior gluteal nerve

Hint 195

Origin + insertion

Function (1)

Innervation

Front 196

Gluteus medius

Back 196

Side of iliac crest - lateral greater trochanter

Abduction of thigh

SGN

Hint 196

Origin + insertion

Function (1)

Innervation

Front 197

Gluteus minimus

Back 197

Lateral ilium - lateral greater trochanter

Abduction

SGN

Hint 197

Origin + insertion

Function (1)

Innervation

Front 198

Piriformis

Back 198

Anterolateral surface of sacrum (between foramen) - lateral greater trochanter

Lateral rotation of thigh

Nerve to piriformis (S1 + S2)

Hint 198

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 199

Gemellus superior

Back 199

Ischial spine - tendon of obturator internus - greater trochanter

Lateral rotation of thigh

Nerve to obturator internus (L5 + S1)

Hint 199

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 200

Obturator internus

Back 200

Medial side of obturator membrane - greater trochanter

Lateral rotation of thigh

Nerve to obturator internus (L5 + S1)

Hint 200

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 201

Gemellus Inferior

Back 201

Upper ischial tuberosity - tendon of the obturator internus - greater trochanter

Lateral rotation of thigh

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5 + S1)

Hint 201

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 202

Quadratus femoris

Back 202

Lateral ischium - intertrochanteric crest + quadrate tubercle + quadrate line

Lateral rotation of thigh

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5 + S1)

Hint 202

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 203

Path of sciatic nerve in gluteal region

Back 203

Through the greater sciatic foramen, below the piriformis

Front 204

Path of the superior gluteal nerve in the gluteal region

Back 204

Through the greater sciatic foramen, above the piriformis

Front 205

Iliopsoas

Back 205

Iliacus

Psoas

Hint 205

What is it comprised of

Front 206

Iliacus

Back 206

Iliac fossa - lesser trochanter

Flexion of thigh

Hint 206

Origin + Insertion

Function

Front 207

Psoas Major

Back 207

Transverse processes of T12 - L5 - Lesser trochanter

Flex thigh

Hint 207

Origin + Insertion

Function

Front 208

Quadriceps femoris

Back 208

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medius

Vastus medialis

Hint 208

What is it comprised of

R

V

V

V

Front 209

Rectus Femoris

Back 209

AIIS (straight head) + Superior acetabulum fossa (reflected head) - Quadriceps femoris tendon - patella

Flexion of thigh

Femoral nerve

Hint 209

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 210

Vastus lateralis

Back 210

Femur - Quadriceps femoris - patella

Extension of leg

Hint 210

Origin + Insertion

Function

Front 211

Vastus medius

Back 211

Femur - quadriceps femoris tendon - patella

Extension

Hint 211

Origin + Insertion

Function

Front 212

Vastus medialis

Back 212

Femur - quadriceps femoris tendon - patella

Extension

Hint 212

Origin + Insertion

Function

Front 213

Sartorius

Back 213

ASIS - Medial proximal tibia

Flexion at hip and knee joint

Hint 213

Origin + Insertion

Function

Front 214

Gracilis

Back 214

Medial body of pubis - medial proximal tibia

Adduction + flexion at knee joint

Obturator nerve

Hint 214

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 215

Pectineus

Back 215

Pectineal line - medial aspect of femur

Adduction + flexion of thigh

Femoral nerve

Hint 215

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 216

Adductor longus

Back 216

Pubis - middle third of femur

Adduction

Obturator nerve

Hint 216

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 217

Adductor brevis

Back 217

Pubis - upper third of femur

Adduction

Obturator nerve

Hint 217

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 218

Adductor magnus

Back 218

Hamstring part: Ischial tuberosity - adductor tubercle on medial condyle (tibial nerve)

Extend hip

Adductor part: Ischiopubic ramus - lower gluteal line + linea aspera (obturator nerve)

Adduction + Medial rotation

(forms adductor hiatus for femoral artery and vein)

Hint 218

Origin + Insertion (2)

Functions (2)

Innervation (2)

Front 219

Obturator externus

Back 219

Lateral obturator membrane - trochanteric fossa

Lateral rotation

Obturator nerve

Hint 219

Origin + Insertion

Function

Innervation

Front 220

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Back 220

Peroneus/Fibularis longus

Peroneus/Fibularis brevis

Hint 220

P

P

Front 221

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Back 221

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Peroneus/Fibularis tertius

Hint 221

T

E

E

P

Front 222

Foot

Front 223

Fascia and retinacula of the foot

Back 223

Plantar aponeurosis

Superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments

Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments

Superior extensor retinaculum

Inferior extensor retinaculum

Flexor retinaculum

Superior fibular retinaculum

Inferior fibular retinaculum

Hint 223

P

S

D

S

I

F

S

I

Front 224

Contents of the tarsal tunnel from medial to lateral

Back 224

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis posterior

Posterior tibial vein

Posterior tibial artery

Tibial nerve

Flexor hallucis longus

Hint 224

E

T

P

P

T

F

Front 225

Tarsal bones

Back 225

Talus

Calcaneus

Navicular

Cuneiform (3)

Cuboid (2)

Hint 225

T

C

N

C

C

Front 226

Describe the locking and unlocking of the knee

Back 226

Femur is medially rotated on the tibia at full extension - locking it in place

Femur is laterally rotated by the popliteus muscle to unlock it

Hint 226

2

Front 227

What are the femoral condyles separated by?

Back 227

intercondylar fossa

Hint 227

1

Front 228

Function of the femoral intercondylar fossa

Back 228

Attachment for:

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Hint 228

2

Front 229

Function of the tibial intercondylar region

Back 229

Attachment for:

Cartilage of menisci/semilunar cartilage

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Hint 229

3

Front 230

Define the tibial plateau

Back 230

Superior surface of the tibia

Hint 230

1

Front 231

Function of the transverse ligament of the knee

Back 231

Connect the lateral and medial semilunar cartilage

Hint 231

1

Front 232

Ligaments of the knee

Back 232

Lateral collateral

Medial collateral

Anterior cruciate

Posterior cruciate

Patella

Hint 232

L

M

A

P

P

Front 233

2 components of the knee capsule

Back 233

Fibrous membrane

Synovial membrane

Hint 233

F

S

Front 234

Attachment site of the sartorius, gricilis and semitendinosous

Back 234

Pes anserinus

Hint 234

P

Front 235

Muscles that attach to the pes anserinus

Back 235

Sartorius

Gricilis

Semitendinosous

Hint 235

S

G

S (T)

Front 236

What reinforces the fibrous membrane of the knee capsule medially

Back 236

Medial collateral ligament

Hint 236

M

Front 237

What reinforces the fibrous membrane of the knee capsule anteriorly

Back 237

Patella ligament

Retinacula of the vastus lateralis

Retinacula of the vastus mediallis

Hint 237

P

R

R

Front 238

What reinforces the fibrous membrane of the knee capsule laterally

Back 238

Iliotibial tract

(not lateral collateral because it is separated from the capsule by the fibular bursa)

Hint 238

I

Front 239

What reinforces the fibrous membrane of the knee capsule posteriorly

Back 239

Oblique popliteal ligament (extension of the semimembranosous)

Hint 239

O

Front 240

Important bursae of the knee

Back 240

Formed by the synovial joint:

Suprapatellar bursa

Subpopliteal recess

Subcutaneous prepatella bursa

Deep infrapatellar bursa

Superficial infrapatella bursa

Hint 240

S

S

S

D

S