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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes Trench mouth/vincents infection?
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spirochetes and fusobacterium
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What causes herpangina?
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coxsackie A
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What causes atypical pneumoia?
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Mycoplsma
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what kind of bacteria is chlamydia? how does this affect testing?
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this is an obligate intracellular parasite, even though it is a bacteria. this may make it appear that no bacteria flows out in the urine
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What causes conjunctivitis?
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adenovirus
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what causes gingivitis, stomatitis and pharyngitis?
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herpies simplex
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what the MAIN cause of the common cold?
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Rhinovirus (20% of all colds)
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What can a sore throat that last Longer and is More severe than usual indicate
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This can indicate a deeper infection such as a peritonsilar abscess
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How do viral sore throats usually begin?
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with a scratch sensation, progressing to pain
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A child who presents with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and sore throat MOST likely has:
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strep throat
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what are the signs of epiglotitis?
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this has-
sore throat, fever, stridor, DROOLING, and respiratory difficulties |
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What major sign indicates peritonsillar abscess or lingular tonsilitis?
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"hot potato voice"
- sore throat- |
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What bacteria is associated with a bullous myringitis? (an blister on the ear drum)
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mycoplasm
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What are the signs of scarlet fever?
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petechiae on palate/ white coating on tongue
-also shows strawberry tongue |
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what bug is implicated with atypical pneumonia?
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mycoplasma
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What fraction of mono pts. have strep?
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1/3rd
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What are the clinical signs of Mono?
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hepatosplenomegaly
posterior (or diffuse) lymphadenopathy exudate CBC shift to leucopenia elevated liver enzymes |
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what is the gold standard test for strep? what is its sensitivity and specificity?
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Throat culture is gold standard test
sensitivity- 90 to 95% specificity >95% (spin rules it in!) |
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What does a rapid strep look for?
sensitivity and specificity? |
this looks for antibodies against strep on an ELIZA test
sensitivity 70-90% specificity of 95% |
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what is the primary mechanism of spreading strep?
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respiratory droplets from an infected person
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What are the four complications of Strep Infections?
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Rheumatic fever
Poststrep Glomerulonephritis Suppurative complications PANDAS |
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what is rheumatic fever? what treats it?
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this is a systemic immune reaction, causes pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, petiechea, and other immune complex reactions
this can be prevented with antibiotics |
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does anything prevent poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
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No, not prevented by antibiotics
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what are suppurative complications of strep?
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cervical lympadenitis, peritonsillar, abscess, sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, meningitis, bactermia, endocarditis, penumonia.
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what are the physical findings of scarlet fever?
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rash, sand paper (raised) red rash.
circumoral pallor, and a strawberry tongue |
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What is the treatment of choice for a pt with pharyngitis secondary to strep?
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treatment should be a full 10 day course of Penicillin
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what is dyuria?
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painful or difficult urination
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what is pyuria?
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WBCs in urine
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what counts as a relapse?
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a recurrence of the original bacteria
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what counts as reinfection?
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infection with a new organism
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what is a complicated UTI?
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one with nausea, flank pain, or associated with an underlying condition
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what is cystitis?
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this is infection of the bladder epithelium
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what drug is given for pain relief for a UTI?
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pyridium for first two days of treatment- pain should subside after the 2 days unless its a more severe
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what are the treatments for cystitis?
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TMP-SMX / fluroquinolones
(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole DS) (ciprofloxacin) (cefpodoxime) (nitrofurantoin) |
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what is the most common cause of a UTI?
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E. coli
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Who is most at risk for pyelonophritis?
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neonates and children
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Who kind of UTI pt needs prophylaxsis?
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women who have 3+ cystitis episodes per year
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What is the code of Hammurabi?
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this is the 1790BC code that outlined 281 laws, with scaled punishments 'an eye for an eye'
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What is the oldest known surgical treatise?
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Edwards Smith Papyrus
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Who was the father of antisepsis? when? what used
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Lister 1867
- used carbolic acid for sterilization of many things including suture threads. resulted in an infection rate below 5% |
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what are sutures made of?
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catgut
a kit of stringed instruments |
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What are the 4 wound healing pearls?
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-cutaneous sutures out in 1 week to avoid 'railroad tracks'
- 1 week, has 3% strength -2 week has 10% -6 week has 35-50% |
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What does the pink lemonade sign show?
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this is a warning of soon wound dehiscence (leads to evisceration)
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Whats the acronym used to operative note?
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PP ABCDEFFG
Preop Dx Postop Dx Anesthesia Blade Complications Drains Estimated Blood Loss Fluids and I/O's Findings Go to assessment/plan |
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what is mallampati sign? best sign? worst?
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this rates how easy it will be to intubate someone.
class 1 is easiest, class 4 is hardest |
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what are the 3 phases of wound healing?
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inflammatory
proliferative remodeling phase |
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what happens during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
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hemostasis- fibrin-platelet clot
PDGF, complement/ fibrin matrix 24- neutrophils 48-72 hours- monocytes (release PDGF, TGF-B, FGF, VEGF) |
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What happens during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
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72 horus in, fibroblasts migrate in
collagen laid down (types 1/3) proteoglycans and fibroblasts act for cell adhesion |
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what happens during the remodeling phase of wound healing?
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weeks 2-3, apoptosis, breakdown of collagen, cells, capillaries.
-collagenases remodel the wound - crosslinking of collagen...increases strength |
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Whats the memonic for the layers of the abdominal wall?
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Slutty sorority chicks suck every inebriated TT's PP
Skin Sub Cue Fat Campers Fascia Scarpas Fascia External Oblique Internal Oblique Transversailis Muscle Transversailis fascia Periotenal Fat Periotenum |
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Whats included in an operative note?
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ADC VAAN DIML
admit diagnosis condition vitals allergies activites nursing diet IVF Meds labs |
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What kind of murmur is aortic stenosis?
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systolic
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What kind of murmur is pulmonic stenosis?
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systolic
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What kind of murmur is atrial septal defect? where heard?
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systolic, heard in pulmonic area
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What kind of murmur is aortic regurgitation?
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diastolic
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What kind of murmur is pulmonic regurgitation?
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diastolic
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What kind of murmur is hypertrophic cadriomyopathy?
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systolic, made worse by valsalva
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What kind of murmur is tricuspid regurgitation?
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pansystolic...as it will make noise throughout systole. due to the R. ventricular pressure blasting blood back into the Atria
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What kind of murmur is atrial septal defect?
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pansystolic, moves from LA-> RA
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What kind of murmur is mitral regurgitation?
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systolic- LV pushes blood back into the LA
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What kind of murmur is mitral stenosis?
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diastolic
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What are the 3 common symptoms of aortic stenosis?
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Angina (due to underperfusion)
Syncope- exertional CHF- |
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what is the sound of aortic stenosis like?
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crescendo-decrescendo
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what two murmurs get worse with valsalva?
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CHM
and mitral valve prolapse |
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What murmur decreases with the hand grip test?
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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what is normal ejection fraction?
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55%
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what is the normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
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mean 2-10mmHg, less than 15 mmHg is best
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What is the normal right atrial pressure?
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2-8 mmHg
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what is the normal pulmonary artery pressure?
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systole 15-30
end diastolic 4-12 mean 9-18 |
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what is the normal LV end diastolic pressure?
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3-12
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what are the signs of right heart failure?
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Peripheral edema, ascities, hepatomegaly, fluid in legs at night
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what are the signs of left heart failure
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dyspena, pulmonary congestion,
orthopena dyspena on exertion fatigue exercise intolerance |
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where does an indirect hernia run?
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via inguninal ring, through inguinal canal, to external inguinal ring
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what side is an indirect inguninal hernia most common on?
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the right side
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where does a direct inguinal hernia run?
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this enters the inguinal canal via weakened posterior wall.
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Where does a femoral hernia run?
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this goes into the femoral canal, deep to the inguinal ligament.
found medial to femoral vein (NAVEL) in the E-empty space |
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What triangle are direct hernias found in?
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in hasselbach's triangle.
bordered by the inferior epigastric artery, rectus muscle, and inguinal ligament |
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What type of hypertensive attack leads to end organ damage?
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hypertensive emergency
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what defines a hypertensive emergency?
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diastolic pressure above 115, rapid elevation of BP
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what is the BP calculation?
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BP= CO x SV
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what is the MAP calculation?
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MAP= DP + 1/3( systolic-diastolic)
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what is the normal MAP range?
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50-150
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What is the systolic and diastolic range for stage 1 HTN?
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systolic 140+
diastolic 90+ |
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what are the common CNS symptoms of a hypertensive emergency
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altered mental status
headaches nausea vomiting blindness, CN dysfunction, aphasia |
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Whats the complication of someone with chronic HTN having their blood pressure lowered rapidly?
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the brain can reset to a higher mean pressure, and its autoregulatory mechanisms cant compensate for a big drop
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what is angina ischemic pain like?
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a weight on the chest
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what can HTN do to the CV system?
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angina, Myocardia infarction, CHF
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what are the eye exam signs of ACUTE HTN?
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papilledema, fundal hemorrhage, vasospasm
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what are the eye exam signs of CHRONIC htn?
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AV nicking
silver wiring cotton woll exudates arteriolar aneurysms |
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What are the signs of renal damage due to HTN?
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serum creatine of > 1.5mg/dl
proteinuria microalbuminuria hematuria= accelerated renal HTN |
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what are the levels for stage 3 HTN?
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systolic above 180
diastolic above 110 |
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What are the findings in chronic renal disease that cause indicate HTN?
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abnormal BUN and Creatinine (high values would suggest the kidneys are retaining fluid)
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What are the findings to indicate renal artery stenosis causing HTN?
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abdominal bruits
retinopathy resistance to therapy |
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what findings indicate primary aldosteronism causing HTN?
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abnormal potassium
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what is the treatment for hypertensive urgency?
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prescribe them essential HTN controlling medications
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