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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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beta cells constitute ___% of islets
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60
|
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alpha cells make ___ and are located in ___. delta cells make ___. PP cells make ___
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glucagon
islet periphery somatostatin vasoactive peptides |
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DM1 is triggered by ___ (2) cells
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CD4
CD8 |
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|
stages after precipitation of DM1 autoimmune response (4)
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normal glucose-stimulated insulin release
abnormal OGTT without DM symptoms DM symptoms with C peptide present DM symptoms without C peptide |
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DM1 is associated with HLA ___ (2)
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DR3
DR4 |
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___% of DM1 patients have first degree relative with DM1
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15
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identical twin concordance for DM1 is ___ and for DM2 is ___.
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30-50
90-95 |
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a virus associated with DM1 onset is ___
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coxsackie
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the ___ mouse is an animal model demonstrating the ___ hypothesis
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NOD
hygiene |
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breast feeding promotes/protects against DM1
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protects against
|
|
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antibodies present in DM1 (3)
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anti islet cell (ICA)
anti-insulin anti glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) |
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|
5 failed DM1 prevention therapies
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cyclosporin
nicotinamide SC insulin oral insulin vaccination |
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DM1 normally appears before age ___ with peaks at ___ and ___
|
20
6 puberty |
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|
glycosuria occurs only when plasma glucose exceeds ___
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180 mg%
|
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DM1 can present as secondary ___, but in 25-40% of cases first presents with ___.
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nocturnal enuresis
DKA |
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|
regular insulin starts acting at ___ with max effect at ___.
NPH insulin starts acting at ___ with max effect at ___ and effect duration of ___. |
30 mins
2h 2h 5-6 h 14-16 h |
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___ is important to prevent DM complications
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good metabolic control
|
|
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4 DM complications
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retinopathy
nephropathy neuropathy peripheral vascular disease |
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___ is an index of metabolic control
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HbA1c
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MDI stands for ___. in MDI regimen insulin is injected ____.
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multiple daily injections
before meals |
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in contrast to normal insulin, which requires a ___ minute window before meals, insulin analogs require ___ mintes. this is because the analogs do not ___.
|
30
0 form hexamers |
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lantus insulin is administered ___ times daily and solves the problem of ___.
|
1
nocturnal hypoglycemia |
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pumps use ___ insulin
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quick acting
|
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T/F: pumps work continually at maintaining a basal insulin level, then give a bolus before meals
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true
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