Ic3 Unit 1 Chapters 1-6

Front 1

Categories of Computers:

Personal/Desktop computers

(personalized, customized, meets individual needs)

Back 1

-Personal computers (PC)

- Laptops/notebook computers

-Handheld computers

Front 2

Categories of Computers:

Business computers

(Standardized, not personalized)

Back 2

-Workstations

-Mainframes

-Supercomputers

-Servers

Front 3

Types of Computers

Back 3

-desktop

-laptop

-handheld

-smartphone

-PDA (personalized digital assistant)

-Tablet computer

-workstation

-servers

-mainframes

-supercomputers

Front 4

Servers (Definition)

Back 4

Powerful computers that provide a service, such as running a network or hosting an internet site.

Front 5

Servers (types)

Back 5

Network server: uses specialized software and coordinates computers in a network.

Web server: runs specialized software to support web pages.

File server: keeps organization records, manages database files, and supports access via dumb or POS terminals.

Front 6

Mainframe (definition)

Back 6

Processes information for large organizations; is reliable, secure, and used for redundancy.

Front 7

Supercomputers (definition)

Back 7

Are able to evaluate complex interactions quickly; are most expensive

Front 8

Operating Systems or OS (definition)

Back 8

Programming that controls interactions with the computer's various parts and the users

Front 9

Operating Systems (types)

Back 9

-Mac OS

-Windows

-UNIX

-Linux

Front 10

Additional types of computing devices

Back 10

-Appliances: dedicated to one function

-Media Players:

-Apple iphone for music and videos

-Amazon kindle such as an e-book reader

Front 11

Central Processing Unit (CPU) (definition)

Back 11

The heart of the computer. Made of integrated circuits and manipulates data according to instructions. Synonymous with microprocessor.

Front 12

How is CPU speed measured?

Back 12

Measured by:

-word size

-clock speed

-memory/storage

Front 13

Word Size (definition)

Back 13

The amount of data processed by CPU in one operation.

bit=binary digit

byte=8 bits

The larger the word size, the fast the processor, the more calculations per second. Requires optimized software.

Front 14

Clock Speed (definition)

Back 14

The second measure of processor speed.

The system clock emits pulses, each clock pulse is measured in Hertz (one pulse per second=hertz), processors perform actions with each pulse.

1 gigahertz (GH)= 1 billion pulses per second

Front 15

Memory/Storage (definition)

Back 15

-Primary storage: for data and instructions being processed

-Secondary storage: for results of processing for later retrieval.

Front 16

Storage

Back 16

-Read Only Memory (ROM): contains instructions used for start up, is non-volatile.

-Random Access Memory (RAM): memory used to store programs and data while in use, is volatile. Capacity rated in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB).

Front 17

Secondary Storage (definition)

Back 17

Devices for data stored for later use.

Front 18

Secondary Storage (types)

Back 18

-Magnetic media: coated with magnetic material

-Optical media: recorded in small pits in a reflective surface (SD's, DVD's, discs)

-Flash memory: has no moving parts and doesn't require constant power. USB ports, digital cameras.

Front 19

Input/Output Devices

Back 19

-Input: transfers data into computer (ex. keyboard, mouse)

-Output: sends information out (ex. monitor, printer)

Front 20

Memory Measurement

Back 20

-Uses binary number system: 0 and 1

-electrical devices replaced by electronic transistors.

Front 21

Text and Numbers

Back 21

-Limited to number of binary digits used

-ASCII (8 bit) and unicode (32 bit) are standards.

Front 22

Pictures and Sound

Back 22

-Pictures: patterns of dots (dots known as pixels)

-Sound: analog (electronic signal that varies in time similar to the property it represents) to digital converter assigns numbers to volume and pitch. Converts sound into a series of numbers.

Front 23

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer (outline)

Back 23

Step 1) Input

Step 2) Primary Storage

Step 3) Processing

Step 4) Primary Storage

Step 5) Output

Step 6) Secondary Storage

Front 24

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer: Step 1

Back 24

Step 1) Input: user enters words, numbers, or commands via keyboard or mouse.

Front 25

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer: Step 2

Back 25

Step 2) Primary Storage: data, programs, and commands are stored in RAM

Front 26

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer: Step 3

Back 26

Step 3) Processing: takes data from RAM and processes according to a program and entered commands.

Front 27

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer: Step 4

Back 27

Step 4) Primary Storage: results stored in another location in RAM.

Front 28

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer: Step 5

Back 28

Step 5) Output: processed data is transferred from memory to monitor or printer.

Front 29

Data Flow/Basic Functions of a Computer: Step 6

Back 29

Step 6) Secondary Storage: processed data is written to a hard disc, flash drive, or optical drive.

Front 30

Resource Sharing

Back 30

Computers on a network share data, hardware, software, and internet connections.

Front 31

Sharing Data

Back 31

Network connections allow rapid data file movement.

Front 32

Sharing Software

Back 32

Software installed and maintained on a server; easy to maintain.

Front 33

Distributed Databases

Back 33

Large database is stored on several computers.

Front 34

Distributed Processing

Back 34

Large computing problems broken into smaller parts and processed on different computers, which are then reassembled into an integrated solution.