Ib Psychology - Empirical Research - Biological

Front 1

John Paul Scott and John Fuller

Back 1

Single-gene traits in dogs. Cross bred Basenji (known for fearfulness) with cocker spaniels (not fearful). First generation offspring (F1) showed fearfulness in 75% of the cases indicating that fearfulness is a dominant trait. In F2 (mating F1 hybrids) this ratio (75%) remained consistent. If F1 hybrids were mated with purebred cocker spaniels about 50% of the offspring demonstrated fearfulness.

Hint 1

1965

Front 2

Vargha-Khadem & Liegeois

Back 2

Studied a specific language disorder in humans (difficulty articulating words, distinguishing between words, and learning grammatical rules). If neither parent had this disorder then none of the offspring had it, if one parent was affected about half of the children had it, indicating that this is a single dominant gene.

Hint 2

2007

Front 3

Robert Tryon

Back 3

Tryon tested a group of rats for their ability to run a maze. He then bred "maze bright" rats with similar rats and "maze dull" rats with other similar rats. He continued to do this for multiple generations. By the seventh generation their was virtually no overlap between the rats ability to run a maze. He balanced for the influence of the environment by "fostering" rats from one strain with mothers from the other strain. The environment that the rat was raised in was found not to have an impact.

Hint 3

1942

Front 4

Bouchard et al

Back 4

Minnesota Twin Study - tested identical twins raised together and apart on a variety of characteristics (physiological, intelligence, personality, psychological interests, social attitudes). Across the board twins were very similar on most of these tests.

Hint 4

1990

Front 5

Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen

Back 5

Examined facial expressions (surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, and sadness) in a variety of different cultures and also in the blind. He found that these six facial expressions could be universally identified, however, he found that people were better at interpreting expressions within their own culture. Working with the blind showed that these expressions did not need to be observed to be learned.

Hint 5

1975, 1982

Front 6

Martin Daly and Margo Wilson

Back 6

Studied differences in the number of men-killing-men and women-killing-women in a variety of cultures. In every culture studied the number of men-killing-men outnumbered women-killing-women.

Hint 6

1988