Ib Psych Cog

Front 1

Who said this?

Back 1

Memory is imperfect. This is because we often do not see things accurately in the first place. But even if we take in a reasonably accurate picture of some experience, it does not necessarily stay perfectly intact in memory. Another force is at work. The memory traces can actually undergo distortion. With the passage of time, with proper motivation, with the introduction of special kinds of interfering facts, the memory traces seem sometimes to change or become transformed. These distortions can be quite frightening, for they can cause us to have memories of things that never happened. Even in the most intelligent among us is memory thus malleable.”

Front 2

Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)

Back 2

Reconstruction of Automobile destruction.

The aim of this study was to investigate how information supplied after an event, influences a witness's memory for that event.

Loftus and Palmer explained that the more severe the verb the more likely we are to estimate a higher speed.

And the additional information that causes notorious alteration to the 'memory' is caused by reconstructive memory hypothesis

Front 3

Bartlett

Back 3

Schema

Front 4

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Back 4

Model of Working Memory (Short-term memory)
According to Baddely and Hitch’s working memory model, memory is an active set of processes – when we first perceive something, it is ‘worked on’ in working memory. This is called encoding. Memories have to be encoded before they can be stored in long-term memory.

Front 5

George Miller (1956)

Back 5

The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two (Chunking)

Front 6

Peterson and Peterson (1959)

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Duration of memory

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Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

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Multi-store Model of Memory
The organization of memory into a series of distinct stages

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Historical and Cultural Condition for the Cognitive Perspective

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Development of computer science (Computer analogy) - metaphor for the investigation of the human mind in relation to the computer processing of a computer

Front 9

What did Kohler (1925) do to explain cognitive factors in behaviours of apes?

Back 9

Developed the theory of insight learning.

Front 10

What did Tolman(1932) investigate?

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That individuals come to expect results through the use of cognitive maps. He used rats to run the race in proximity to the food. Tolman proved that rats mental processes had and effect on the response. He concluded that learning is distinct from the performance of behaviour which is called latent learning

Front 11

What did Bandura(1965) prove?

Back 11

That a direct stimuli is not needed for response.
His study of Bobo Dolls proved that direct experience through action is not nessecary to alter behaviour, which puts emphasis on the mind.

Front 12

What does the cognitive perspective explain?

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Perception, Attention, Learning, Memory and Thinking

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What does the sensory memory do?

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everything about the world that is picked up by our senses which serves as a buffer connecting our senses and true memory

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What are the strenghts of this perspective?

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Strengths:
Has revolutionised developmental psychology by focusing attention on active mental processes.
We now understand the types of thinking that are possible at various ages.

Front 15

What are the limitatons of this perspective?

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Doesn’t take into account the person, the self
Doesn’t explain complete behaviour
Doesn’t take into account the physiological aspects of our bodies.
The legal question of intent
Unable to explain complex cognitive, emotional, and perceptual dimensions of human development.
Incomplete picture of developmental influences.
Focuses too much on the individual child, focuses to little on the social context.
seriously underestimates the role of biological and genetic influences.
Contributory negligence
Collusion
Competence to stand trial
Eye witness testimony

Front 16

Free will and determinism

Back 16

?

Front 17

Agression and Gender influence

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?

Front 18

Beck's Cognitive Theory

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Depression
Beck believed that the cognitive symptoms of depression actually precede the affective and mood symptoms of depression, rather than vice versa. According to Beck, what is central to depression are the negative thoughts, instead of hormonal changes or low rates of reinforcement as postulated by other theorists
Beck's main argument was that depression was instituted by one's view of oneself, instead of one having a negative view of oneself due to depression. This has large social implications of how we as a group perceive each other and relate our dissatisfactions with one another

Another way to look at these cognitive thoughts is through Beck's Negative Cognitive Triad, which explains that negative thoughts are about the self, the world, and the future

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Ethical Considerations

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Genie?

Front 20

What is the decay theory?

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holds that forgetting is the result of disuse. The more information is not recalled from memory, the more difficult it is to access it.

Front 21

How did Chomsky and Skinner influnce the rise of the CP?

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Observable behavior was too reductionist

The major criticism of behaviorism is that it ignores the cognitive processes involved in behavior. Behaviorists believe that only observable behavior can be measured and interpreted. In a Skinner box, the fact that a pigeon presses a bar to receive a food pellet is the only observable act. Cognitive theorists believe that it is the mental connection of the bar to the food which is being displayed. This can be inferred by the pigeon's continual actions. Behaviorists would say this is a reinforcement contingency that has become stamped in and has become a set, learned behavior that can be altered by changing the reinforcement contingency.

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Language Accusation

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Genie
Chomsky-LAD

Front 23

What are the assumptions?

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Cognitive processes actively organize and manipulate information that we receive.

Cognitive processes actively organize and manipulate information that we receive.

Animals can be studied to help us understand human behavior.

Mental processes can and should be investigated scientifically.

and rejection of the behaviourists.