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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the approximate years over which the Middle Ages spanned?
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c. 476 – 1450
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What was the first period of the Middle Ages referred to as?
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the Dark Ages
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Who were the centres of power during the Middle Ages?
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the early Christian church and the state
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Who and what shaped the culture of the Middle Ages?
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the rise of monasteries and European monk scholars who preserved the learnings of the ancient world
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Was music from the Middle Ages secular or religious? Why?
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religious, or sacred, because of the patronage of the church
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Did women play a role in the preservation of knowledge? Why?
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yes, because nuns had an important societal role in this era
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Which advances did the later Middle Ages see rise to?
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the growth of cities, construction of cathedrals, and development of great works of art and literature
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In which ancient cultures did music hold a central place?
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ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and the Judaic world
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Name the national literary works that played a part in shaping the languages of Europe (France, Italy, England).
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Chanson de Roland (c. 1100) in France
Dante’s Divine Comedy (1307) in Italy Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1386) in England kuos |
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Name the paintings that played a part in shaping the culture of Italy.
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Lorenzetti’s frescoes for the Town Hall in Siena (1338-40
Orcagna’s Last Judgment for Florence (c. 1355) kuos |
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What brought on violence during the Middle Ages?
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Fervent religious beliefs; knights who embarked on Crusades to conquer the Holy Land
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Feudal society was male-dominated, but why were women’s status raised as well?
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the universal cult of Mary, the mother of Christ, and the portrayal of knighthood by the court minstrels
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Which influences shaped the early music of the Christian church?
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Greek, Hebrew, and Syrian influences
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Which accomplishment was Pope Gregory the Great traditionally associated with and during which period did he reign?
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the task of assembling the body of music into an organized liturgy
reigned from 590 to 604 kuos |
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Describe the music of the early Christian church.
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Called Gregorian chant, music of the early Christian church featured monophonic, non-metric melodies set in one of the church modes
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Define monophony.
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a single-line melody, lacking in harmony and counterpoint
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What is plainchant or plainsong?
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Gregorian chant
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True or False: Gregorian melody is generally free from accent.
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true
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What is prose rhythm (or free verse rhythm)?
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melody free from regular accents
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What is metrical-poetry rhythm?
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regular accented measures of duple or triple metre
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How were the Gregorian chants passed from one generation to the next?
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orally and aurally
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What are neumes and how did they originate?
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small ascending and descending signs that were first written above words to suggest the contours of the melody
eventually developed into square notes on a four-line staff kuos |
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Name the three categories that melodies fall into based on their text-setting. Describe the characteristics of each category.
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syllabic, with one note to each syllable
neumatic, with two to four notes to each syllable melimatic, with many notes to a syllable kuos |
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What did the melismatic style descend from?
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the rhapsodic improvisations of Eastern cultures
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What are modes?
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scale-patterns
"modal" refers to the type of melody and harmony that prevailed in the early and late Middle Ages kuos |
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What is the opposition of modal?
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Tonal, referring to the harmony based on major-minor tonality
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What is the Mass?
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a daily solemn ritual of the Catholic Church that included two categories of prayers: the Proper and the Ordinary
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Define the Proper and the Ordinary.
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the Proper of the Mass are texts that vary according to the day while the Ordinary are texts that remain the same for every Mass
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What is the term that describes a chant that is performed by alternating a soloist and chorus?
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responsorial
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What is the order of the Ordinary?
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Kyrie
Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei kuos |
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What is the Liber Dsualis?
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the Gregorian chant book, the earliest codified collection of music
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What are ligatures?
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2 or more neumes bound together
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What is the tenor?
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the voice part that "holds out" the melody
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What does strophic mean?
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to have all verses of a song sung to the same music
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What is the difference between antiphonal and responsorial?
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antiphonal: both parts are equal
responsorial: one part is responding the other kuos |
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Define ammetric.
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music without meter
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What qualities of polyphony inspired the development of a more exact notation system?
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exact rhythm and pitch was needed for all the voices to keep together. The use of regular meters was also developed for this need
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How did music change with the development of a more precise notation? When did this happen?
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Music progressed from being an art of improvisation and oral tradition to one that was carefully planned and preserved. Composers began to be recognized. This happened during the Gothic period (c. 1150 – 1450).
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What was organum and from which Cathedral did the composers of this style originate?
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the earliest type of polyphony, which consisted of two, three, four voice parts sung in fixed rhythmic modes that are repeated or varied. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris (twelfth and thirteenth centuries) was a centre for organum.
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Who was the first composer of polyphonic music whose name is known to us?
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Léonin.
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What book of music did Léonin write and for what purpose was it written for?
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Magnus liber organi (Great Book of Organum); music for the entire church year
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Who was Pérotin and what did he contribute to the organum?
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Léonin's successor; increased the number of voice parts of the organum
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True or false: composers of the organum based their pieces on preexisting Gregorian chants.
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True
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Describe the lower and upper voices in a two-part organum.
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lower voice: long notes of the fixed melody
upper voice: freely composed part, moving rapidly kuos |
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How was the organum symbolic?
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because it consisted of preexisting chants and a newly composed part, it is symbolic in the idea of the new being found in the old
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How did the motet originate?
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composers writing words for the previously textless upper voices of organum
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What did the term "motet" derive from?
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the word mot, French for word
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What is polytextual?
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two different texts being sung at the same time
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Is the motet sacred or secular?
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both
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What is an ostinato?
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repetition of a short musical pattern: rhythmic, melodic, or harmonic
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What does triple meter symbolize?
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the perfection of the trinity (the Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit)
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What were the earliest preserved secular songs?
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goliards (student songs) from university towns, often with lewd texts expressing the philosophy of carpe diem
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Who were the jongleurs and jongleuresses?
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actor-singers who performed and supplied their audience with gossip and news
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Who were the troubadours and troubairitz?
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poet-musicians who performed at the courts of Europe, originating from the southern region of France (Provence)
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Who were the trouveres?
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poet-musicians who performed at the courts of Europe, originating from the northern region of France
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How were the troubadours, troubairitz, and the trouveres different from the jongleurs and jongleuresses?
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they were composers of a higher social level, often including members of the aristocracy and royalty
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What is the German term for troubadours?
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Minnesingers, singers of courtly love
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How was secular music integral to the medieval courtlife?
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accompaniment for dancing, dinner, after-dinner entertainment, court ceremonies, tournaments, civic processions, and campaigns
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What values did the poems and songs of the troubadors and trouveres praise?
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values of chivalry: valor, honor, nobility of character, devotion to an ideal, quest for perfect love
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How were the secular songs performed?
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sung monophonically, with improvised instrumental accompaniment
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What is the psaltery?
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medieval folk instrument, consisting of 4 or 5 strings stretched over a sound box. Sounds are produced by plucking
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What is the dulcimer?
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an instrument resembling the psaltery, but is struck with little hammers instead of being plucked
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What is the vielle?
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the ancestor of the violin
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What changes wre reflected in Ars Nova?
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the breakup of feudal social structure and new concepts of life, art, and beauty
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Who was Guillaume de Machaut and what was he known for?
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French composer-poet, had a double career as cleric and courtier. He wrote both secular and religious music, including more than twenty motets, secular chansons, and a polyphonic setting of the Ordinary of the mass
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What were the fixed text forms that chansons were generally set to?
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rondeau, ballade, and virelai
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In which genre did instrumental music find most prominence in and why?
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dance music because rhythm was the prime consieration
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True or false: instrumental music, like those of the church and court, were generally written down.
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false; instrumental music was greatly improvised
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Apart from the modern families that we could sort medieval instruments into, what are two other categories that we can arrange them by?
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bas (soft or indoor) and haut (loud or outdoor)
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Name the instruments that were considered to be soft.
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recorder, lute, harp, psaltery, rebec, and vielle
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Name the instruments that were considered to be loud.
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shawm, slide trumpet, sackbut, crumhorn, cornetto, nakers, and tabor
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What is an estampie?
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a stately dance, probably for couples, characterized by elaborate body movements
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