Ib Learning Psycholgy Vocabulary

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behaviorism

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an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior

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conditioning

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a basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organisms' responses

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unconditioned stimulus

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the classical - conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive responses in the absence of learning

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unconditioned response

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the classical conditioning term for reflexive responses elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

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conditioned stimulus

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the classical - conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned responses after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned response

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the classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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classical conditioning

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the process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response; also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

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extinction

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the weakening eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

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higher-order conditioning

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in classical conditioning, a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; in classical condition, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR

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counterconditioning

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in classical conditioning, the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

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operant conditioning

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the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences

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E.L. Thorndike

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a psychologist who set the stage for radical behaviorism by observing cats as they tried to escape from a complex "puzzle box"

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law of effect

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a law that states that effect is the result of a satisfactory or unsatisfactory state on a learned connection

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B.F. Skinner

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a psychologist who asserted than an operant is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the strength of which will increase or decrease, depending on its schedule of reinforcement

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john Watson

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a psychologist who asserted that one could predict responses from a knowledge of stimulus conditions

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reinforcement

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the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increase the probability of the response that it follows

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punishment

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the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of that response that it follows

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primary reinforcer

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a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; an example is food

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primary punisher

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a stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock

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secondary reinforcer

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a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcements

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secondary punisher

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a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers

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positive reinforcement

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a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes strong or more likely to occur

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negative reinforcement

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a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as results, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

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extinction

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the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer

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discriminative stimulus

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a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence

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stimulus control

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control over the occurrence of a response by discriminative stimulus

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continuous reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced

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intermittent schedule of reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced

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shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximation of a desired response are reinforced

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successive approximations

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in the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response

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behavior modification

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the application of conditioning techniques to teach respond or reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior

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extrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced, such a s money, prizes, and praise

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intrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity reinforced, such as enjoyment of the task, and the satisfaction of accomplishment

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insight

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a form of problem solving that appears to involve the sudden understanding of how elements of a situation are related or can be reorganized to achieve a solution

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social-cognitive learning theories

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theories that emphasize hwo behavior is learned and maintained through the interaction between individuals and their environments, an interaction strongly influenced by such cognitive processes as observations, expectations, percpetions, and motivational beliefs

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latents learning

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a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement

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observational learining

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a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience; in behaviorism, it is called vicarious conditioning

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motivation

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a process within a person or animal, which theyn causes movement toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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an expectation that comes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about

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locus of control

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a general expectation about whether the results of a person's actions are under his or her control or beyond the person's control

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self-iefficacy

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a person's belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals

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performance goals

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goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism

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mastery goals

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goals framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills

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gender identity

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the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rule of gender

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gendrery typing

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the process by which children learn the abilities, interests, pesonality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture

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gender schema

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a mental network of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expections about what it means to be male or female

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power assertion

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a method of correcting a child's behavior wiin which the parent uses pu nishment and authority

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induction

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a method of correcting a child'sbehavior in which the parent appeals to the child's own abilities, sense of responsibilty, and feelings for others