Ib History: Mexican Revolution

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He served five terms as president of Mexico, and is held in high esteem in Mexico for resisting the French occupation.

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Benito Juárez

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This called for the forced sale of most of the properties held by the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico that were not used for daily operations.

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Ley Lerdo

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President of Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and from 1884 to 1911. He tried to "modernize" Mexico and became very controversial.

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Porfirio Díaz

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a circle of technocratic advisors to Porfirio Díaz. Steeped in the positivist "scientific politics", they functioned as part of his program of modernization at the start of the 20th century.

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Cientificos

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Commissioned bandits who were used by Juarez and Diaz to control banditry in Mexico. They were often ruthless and were not above manipulating the people who they were supposed to be protecting.

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Guardias Rurales

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This allowed the Guardias Rurales to shoot anyone who was "fleeing from justice." This definition was often stretched and abused.

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Ley Fuga

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Estates or ranches that were owned by the wealthy landowners of Mexico.

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Hacienda

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A politician, writer and revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. As a respectable upper-class politician he supplied a center around which opposition to the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz could coalesce.

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Francisco Madero

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This document called for the destruction of Díaz's authoritarian presidency and the re-institution of democracy through violent direct action on the part of the Mexican populace.

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Plan of San Luis Potosí

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A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation Army of the South.

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Emiliano Zapata

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A document drafted by Zapata during the Mexican Revolution. In it, Zapata denounced Madero for his perceived betrayal of the revolutionary ideals and set out his vision of land reform.

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Plan of Ayala

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A process whereby the government promotes the use of communal land shared by the people of the community.

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Ejido

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This Mexican leader established a harsh military dictatorship and was opposed by President Woodrow Wilson.

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Victoriano Huerta

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One of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914. During his administration, the current constitution of Mexico was drafted.

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Venustiano Carranza

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A series of events that transpired in Mexico City between February 9 and February 22, 1913, during the Mexican Revolution. They culminated in a coup d'état and the assassination of Francisco Madero and his vice president.

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Tragic Ten Days

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The US ambassador to Mexico. He was popular with the people of Mexico because he did not stay in the embassy all the time.

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Henry Lane Wilson

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This US occupation lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the US, related to the Mexican Revolution.

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Veracruz Incident

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In this battle, the Conventionist forces under Pancho Villa were badly defeated by forces under the command of Álvaro Obregón, who supported the presidency of Venustiano Carranza.

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Battle of Celaya

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This was approved by the Constitutional Congress on February 5, 1917, with Venustiano Carranza serving as the first president under its terms.

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Constitution of 1917

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A federation of labor unions in Mexico that was founded by Carranza.

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CROM

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President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. He joined Carranza in revolt against Huerta's new government, and succeeded in forcing Huerta from power on July 14, 1914. He later revolted against Carranza and took power.

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Álvaro Obregón

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A Mexican writer, philosopher and politician of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese ancestry. He is one of the most influential personalities in the development of modern Mexico.

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José Vasconcelos

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He was president of Mexico from 1924 to 1928. He is most noted for the Cristero War and for founding the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (National Revolutionary Party, or PNR)

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Plutarco Elías Calles

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This party was the result of Calles's efforts to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the Mexican Revolution, and guarantee the peaceful transmission of power for members of the party.

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PNR

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An uprising and counter-revolution against the Mexican government of 1926 to 1929, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917.

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Cristero War

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President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. During his presidency, the government expropriated and redistributed millions of acres of hacienda land to peasants, and urban and industrial workers gained unprecedented unionization rights and wage increases.

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Lázaro Cárdenas

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Mexico's state-owned petroleum company.

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PEMEX