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130 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a population pyramid?
a graphical illustration that shows various age groups in a population
What is a cohort?
a particular age group in a specific population
What does a Stage 1 population pyramid entail?
High death rate, short life, and an expanding pyramid
What does a Stage 2 population pyramid entail?
a high birth rate, many middle aged people, and an expanding population pyramid
What does a Stage 3 population pyramid entail?
Lower birth rate, lower death rate, and many more people in old age
What does a Stage 4 population pyramid entail?
Lower birth rate, lower death rate, a longer life in general, and a contracting pyramid
What is happening to the world's population?
It is growing very rapidly
The global population is how many times bigger between 1650-1850 and 1920?
2 times
What is the rate of population increase in low economically developed countries?
95%
What is LEDCs?
Low economically developed countries
What is exponential growth?
an increasing rate of growth
What is the formula for annual growth rate?
CDR - CBR
What is CDR?
Crude death rate
What is CBR
Crude birth rate
Where are the highest birth rates and why?
Africa, due to LEDCs
Where is the lowest birth rates in the world?
Northern United States and Europe
What is absolute?
a location is specific if located on the map
What is relative?
a location described as "next door, nearby, down the road..."
What is place?
defined by everything in it which puts them aside from other places
What is a region?
an area that shares certain similar characteristics
What is movement?
refers to how people, products, and information move from one place (A) to another (B)
What is a human-environment interaction?
the relationship between people and the environment
What are the 4 demographic forces that results in population change in any country?
births, deaths, immigration, and emigration
What is pronatalism?
encouraging by the government to produce more babies
What is antinatalism?
the government discouraging more births and perhaps limiting the number of children
How is the status of women assessed?
by the gender-related development index (GDI)
What is GDI stand for?
gender-related development index
What is the GDI do?
measure the inequality between sexes in life expectancy, education, and the standard of living
What happens in countries where the status of women is low and few women are educated?
Their TFR is high
What happens when conditions in a country improve?
Birthrates fall
In general, what happens when the parental education level is higher in a country?
There are fewer children
What is said about the low, middle, and high money classes and children?
Middle income have the fewest, low income have the most, and the rich can afford to choose
What is the comparison of the number of children in rural areas compared to urban areas?
People in rural areas have more children than in urban areas
Why would Rural TFR be higher?
because there is more social pressure on women, less state control, and less education in rural areas
In general, most religions are what towards birthing?
pro-natalist
What is MEDCs?
Middle Economically Developing Countries
In MEDCs, what is it about people and their religious beliefs?
Their people don't follow their religious beliefs as strongly
Why, in a poor country, would a woman become pregnant more often?
Because there is a higher IMR, due to the mother's lower health
Equation of Crude Death Rate
(total # of deaths/total population) *1000 = CDR
Group of people in the same age range
Age Cohort
Population pyramid with wide base
Suggests high birth rate
Population pyramid with narrowing base
Suggests falling birth rate
Population pyramid with straight or near vertical sides
Shows low death rate
Population pyramid with a concave slope
Shows high death rate
Population pyramid with bulges in the slope
high rates of migration
Population pyramid with deficits in the slope
Out-migration, war, disease
Average annual % change in the population pyramid, resulting from a surplus
growth rate
Tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in birth rate
population momentum
What is Fair Trade?
Socially fair
What are suburb houses to rural or city?
Rural houses are generally bigger, while city houses are smallest and crowded, while suburb houses are between or large
Why would water be expensive, but there's a lot?
Underground water is expensive to get to
Food production arithmetically and what expands?
Population
Term for many islands
archipelago
Sending money overseas to home
Remittances
Definition of Death Rate
This gives the annual # of deaths during a year per 1000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The "", while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population
What is Life Expectancy(E)?
the average # of years that a person can be expected to live, given that demographic factors remain unchanged
What is Crude Death Rate(CDR)?
Total # of deaths divided by total population time 1000. But, this is a poor indicator of mortality trends
In order to get more realistic #s, we use what?
Standard Mortality Rate (SMR) or Age-specific Mortality Rates (ASMRs)
What is Infant Mortality Rate?
total # of deaths of children less that one years old divided by total # of live births per year times 1000
What are 4 ways population changes?
births, deaths, immigration, and migration
What are Migration Push Factors?
reasons that push people out of their country: security, war, bad leaders, famine, economy, religion, disasters
What are Migration Pull Factors?
reasons that people come to another country: money, opportunity, education, safety, religious freedom, political freedom, land, happiness
What are the advantages of a youthful population?
large potential workforce, lower medical costs, attractive to new investment, source of new innovation and idea, large potential market for selected goods, development of services such as schools.
What are the disadvantages of a youthful population?
cost of supporting schools and clinic, need to provide sufficient foods and housing and water to a growing population, high rates of unemployment, large numbers living in poor quality housing (shanty towns), high crime rates
What are the advantages of an aging population?
The elderly may have skills and training and are sometimes preferred over younger workers, the elderly may look after grandchildren and therefore allow both parents to work
In MEDCs, the aging population is what kind of market?
The Grey Market - many firms have developed to target the money these people have.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
is an international organization focusing on problems of mutual interest and economic need. Strives to reduce poverty and aid low economic growth. Some of its goals are: to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world's international payment system and was created after WW2.
G-8
forum for the governments of 8 of the world's largest economies to be brought together and solve world problems.
G-20
premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. Works to create world financial stability
European Union (EU)
an economic and political association of certain European countries with internal free trade and common external tarrifs.
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations... provides economic support and cultural development between these countries
World Trade Organization (WTO)
only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations
NAFTA
largest free trade area and richest market in the world (North America)
Transnational Corporations
any corporation registered and operates in more than one country at a time through direct foreign investment. Same as multinational corporations.
Multinational Corporations
any corporation registered and operates in more than one country at a time through direct foreign investment. Same as transnational corporations.
GNI
Gross National Income - similar to the GDP, except in measuring GNP one doesn't deduct the indirect business taxes
Non-governmental organization (NGO)
eg. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Red Cross....
legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operate independently of a government
Emerging Nation or Newly Emerging Nation
Country on its way to becoming an industrialized nation
What is Fair Trade?
Legal trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries
What are two benefits and two problems with giving aid to LEDCs or ENs?
Problem will be fixed faster and is more controlled, but is subject to whims of donor or economy supporting it and is temporary. The local people will not grow economically.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)? Give an example of a country with high human development, medium human development, and low human development. What characteristics define these categories?
Composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" - education, life expectancy, happiness and standard of living.

High HDI - Australia
Medium HDI - China
Low HDI - Sub-Saharan Africa
What is the current trend in the gap between rich and poor people (one sentence)?
Rich are getting richer and poor are getting poorer.
List 8 Millenium Development Goals and when they'll be realized.
Improve maternal health, reduce child mortality, achieve universal primary education, fight off infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS), improve gender equality and empower women, ensure environmental sustainability, create a partner in global development, eradicate extreme hunger and poverty. To be realized by 2015
The gap between rich and poor people in the world has been what for the last two centuries?
increasing
What are inequalities in development?
despite considerable economic growth in many regions, the world is more unequal now than it was ten years ago.
How does parental education and inequality effect disparity?
education affects poverty in two ways. It raises income and those people with higher educations tend to have fewer children.
What is the poverty threshold?
one quarter of the world’s workers didn’t earn enough to lift themselves and their families above the $1 a day poverty threshold. Wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers have widened since the mid 1980’s.
What are Twin Peaks?
The high amount of rich people and poor people, with fewer middle grounds. For example, Sub-Saharan Africa and USA on the same graph in income
In the last 25 years, the main changes in income between different regions of the world include:
The continued rapid economic growth in the already rich countries in comparison to the rest of the world, the decline in real income of Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern Europe, the relatively modest gain in Latin America and the Arab states.

Globally about 200 million people don’t have any form of work; many millions more face inadequate employment.
What are Social Inequalities?
Despite progress in some areas such as (health and education!) inequalities have widened in some countries. Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia are in the worst shape. There are wider gaps in access to immunization and child care, nutrition, and education
During the first half of the 20th century rich countries saw average life expectancy of their population increase by what?
Over 20 years
In MEDCs, women outlive men by how many years generally?
5-9 years
Why is the life expectancy falling in some LEDCs?
A result of AIDS
The atmosphere
describes all the air surrounding the earth, from the ground all the way up to the edge of deep space.
Thermosphere
50 miles and up from ground in atmosphere. The transition from the mesosphere to the final thermosphere layer begins at a height of approximately 81 km. The thermosphere receives its name from the return to increasing temperature which can reach a staggering 1982 degrees C.
Mesosphere
25 to 50 miles up from ground in atmosphere. 40 km above the earth’s surface marks the transition to the mesosphere. In this layer, temperature once again begins to fall as altitude increases, to temperatures as low as -143 degrees C.
Stratosphere
7 to 25 miles up from ground in atmosphere. The gradual change from the troposphere to the stratosphere begins at approximately 11 km high. The temperature in the lower stratosphere is extremely stable and cold at (-57 degrees C)
Troposphere
From ground to 7 miles up in atmosphere. Oxygen and nitrogen make up the majority of the gases in the earth’s atmosphere, even at much higher altitudes. But it is the lowest level of earth’s atmosphere where the right mixture works to support life.
What is the first thing you need to know about Global Warming?
Global warming is caused by primarily carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
What is the second thing you need to know about global warming?
Earth’s average temperature has risen about 1 degree F in the past 100 years and is projected to rise another 3 to 10 degrees F in the next 100 years
What is the third thing you need to know about global warming?
There is scientific consensus that global warming is real, is caused by human activities, and presents serious challenges
What is the fourth thing you need to know about global warming?
There’s a difference between weather and climate – Climate refers to the long term average pattern of weather in a place. Earth’s climate has been warming at a rapid rate since the start of intensive use of coal and oil in the late 1800s.
What is the fifth thing you need to know about global warming?
The ozone hole does not cause global warming – Ozone depletion is a different problem, caused mainly by CFCs (like Freon) once used in refrigerators and air conditioners. In the past, CFCs were also used in aerosol spray cans, but that use was banned in the US in 1978.
What is the sixth thing you need to know about global warming?
6. Global warming will have significant impacts on people and nature. –
As temperatures continue to rise, precipitation is projected to come more frequently in the form of heavy downpours. The largest impacts will be on many natural ecosystems and on people who live in LEDC countries and have few resources and little ability to adapt.
What is the seventh thing you need to know about global warming?
7. Sea level has already risen due to warming and is projected to rise much more. – Average sea level around the world has already risen 4 to 8 inches in the past 100 years due to global warming and is expected to rise another 4 to 38 inches (with a best guess of around 19 inches) by 2100.
What is the eighth thing you need to know about global warming?
8. Saving energy and developing alternative energy sources would help. –
We cannot completely prevent climate change because once carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere, it remains there for about a century, and the climate system takes a long time to respond to changes.
What is the ninth thing you need to know about global warming?
An international agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol has been negotiated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but the US is not participating in it. Because of its high energy consumption, the US has long emitted more carbon dioxide than any other energy.
What is the tenth thing you need to know about global warming?
10. Protecting the world’s climate by stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will require enormous reductions in current emissions. –
It is estimated that greenhouse gas emissions would have to be reduced to less than one third of current levels to stabilize atmospheric concentrations.
What is Global Warming?
refers to the increase in temperatures around the world that has been noticed over the last 50 years, particularly since the 1980’s.
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
the process by which certain gases – water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocabons (CFCs) allow short-wave radiation from the sun to pass through and heat up the earth, but trap and increasing proportion of long-range radiation from the earth. This radiation leads to a warming of the atmosphere.
What is the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect?
the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human activity, and their impact on atmospheric systems.
The affects of global warming
A rise in sea levels causing flooding in low lying areas. Up to 200 million people could be displaced, an increase in storm activity, changes in agricultural patterns, reduced rainfall over the US and southern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Extinction of up to 40% of species of wildlife.
Policies to combat global change
Emissions of main man-made greenhouse gas, CO2, are influenced by: the size of the human population, the amount of energy used per person, the level of emissions resulting from that use of energy.
A variety of technical options which could reduce emissions, especially from use of energy, are available. Reducing CO2 emissions can be achieved through:
improved energy efficiency, fuel switching, use of renewable energy sources, capture and storage of CO2.
Impervious
water that cannot be absorbed into something (the ground)
Herbicides
chemicals that kill plants or weeds
Run-off
excess water not absorbed into the soil and causes erosion by taking away topsoil
Fertilizier
chemical or natural substance added to the soil to increase fertility
over-grazing
when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods
habitat
natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism
soil degradation
decline of quantity and quality of soil.
universal soil loss equation
based on extensive erosion data from studies throughout the US and provides a quick approach to estimating long-term annual soil loss.
ecosystems
biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
deforestation
clearing trees from an area
monoculture
cultivation of a single crop in a given area
leaching
process through which mineral slats or nutrients sink deeper into the soil layers where they can;t be reached by plants
over-cultivation
frequent use of land without a period of resting. A form of land degradation
contour plowing
to prevent flooding in uneven terrain
causes of soil degradation
mining of minerals, soil dumped in rivers, leaching, soil erosion, bad agricultural practices, chemicals and materials that reduce fertility
Control of land degradation
Physical barriers like vegetation cover and soil husbandry, cropping techniques, flushing soil and leaching, and applying gysum to replace sodium ions lost.