Ib Geography Paper 2

Front 1

Urbanization

Back 1

The increase in proportion of people who live in towns and cities

Includes rural-urban migration and natural increase

Front 2

Centripetal Movement

Back 2

Movements towards the city

Front 3

Rural-Urban Migration

Back 3

​People from outside the city move into the city

Front 4

Gentrification

Back 4

Reinvestment of capital (money) into inner city areas, usually residential

Can be either commercial or residential, for personal gain or economic profit

Front 5

Re-urbanization/ Urban Renewal

Back 5

The development of activities to increase residential living space in an area

Front 6

Centrifugal Movement

Back 6

Movement away from the city

Front 7

Sub-urbanization

Back 7

The outwards growth of cities to engulf other villages and surrounding areas

Front 8

Counter-Urbanization

Back 8

A process involving the movement of people away from inner urban areas to new towns, estates, commuter towns, or estates on the periphery or just beyond city limits.

Front 9

Urban Sprawl

Back 9

The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into the countryside

Front 10

Megacity

Back 10

Urban agglomeration of 10 million people or more

Eg. Tokyo, New York, Mexico City, Mumbai

Front 11

Factors Affecting Residential Areas and Location:

Back 11

Wealth, Ethnicity​, Family Life Cycle, Urban Poverty and Deprivation, MEDCs vs LEDCs

Front 12

Urban Microclimate

Back 12

Microclimatesare concentrated areas with a similar climate. Cities tend to be warmer than their surrounding areas because materials retain heat​, less natural vegetation​, and high energy use​

Front 13

Urban heat islands​

Back 13

Metropolitan areas that are significantly warmer than areas around them which are generally rural

Front 14

Factors affecting UHII (Urban Heat Island Intensity​)

Back 14

Weather Conditions, Topography/Hydrology, Population Size/Density, Economic Development(Building density), Building/Street Design, Land Surface, Air pollution

Front 15

Congestion

Back 15

The ‘blockage’ of movement and leads to environmental stress

Front 16

Overcrowding

Back 16

Too much for too little space, and it leads to Congestion

Front 17

Vertical garden

Back 17

A garden along the vertical side of a building. It helps to increase the total amount of green space in a city

Front 18

Social deprivation

Back 18

When people are deprived of basic resources or they only have access to low quality resources compared to the rest of society

Front 19

Crime​

Back 19

An action or omission which constitutes an offense and is punishable by law

Front 20

Hazard​

Back 20

A threat (natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage, socio-economic disruption, or environmental degradation

Front 21

Hazard Event​

Back 21

The occurrence of a hazard

Front 22

Disaster​

Back 22

A major hazard event that causes widespread disruption​to a community or region, with significant loss. Where the affected community is unable to deal with without outside help

Front 23

Earthquake

Back 23

The sudden, violent shaking of the earth’s surface. Found along plate boundaries

Front 24

Hurricanes (aka cyclone or typhoon)

Back 24

An intense storm that brings heavy rainfall, strong winds, high waves, and secondary hazards such as flooding and mudslides

Front 25

Droughts

Back 25

An extended period of dry weather leading to extremely dry conditions

Front 26

Vulnerability

Back 26

The susceptibility of a community to a hazard or to the impacts of a hazard event

Front 27

Risk

Back 27

The probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences (expected losses in terms of death, inquiries, property damage, economy, and environment).

Front 28

Responses to hazard events

Back 28

Rescue, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Front 29

Sport​

Back 29

A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. May be competitive

Front 30

Leisure

Back 30

​Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time

Front 31

Tourism

Back 31

Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. Excludes day-trippers

Front 32

Recreation​

Back 32

Leisure time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment. Includes leisure pursuits, organised outings and events, and on-paid (professional) sports

Front 33

3 As of Tourism

Back 33

Accessibility, Affluence and Awareness

Front 34

Multiplier Effect

Back 34

Re-spending of tourist dollars

Front 35

Trickle-down Effect​

Back 35

Idea that economic benefits will gradually reach all people in an economy

Front 36

Carrying Capacity

Back 36

Maximum number of tourists that a site or event can satisfy at one time

Front 37

Leakage

Back 37

Tourism money lost out of the system

Front 38

League

Back 38

A competition between teams

Front 39

Hierarchy

Back 39

Different levels

Front 40

Types of Attractions

Back 40

Natural: Flora and fauna, Landscapes

Cultural: Historic, Artistic, Events

Front 41

Important Attractions

Back 41

People travel here just for this

Front 42

Unique Attractions

Back 42

There is nothing like this anywhere else

Front 43

Sustainable Tourism

Back 43

Tourism that preserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihood of the local people, environment and culture

Front 44

Honeypot

Back 44

A location that attracts a large number of tourists