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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nuclear Charge |
Number of protons in the nucleus and electrostatic attraction to electrons; for trends across a table |
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Shielding/ screening |
Core electrons disperse the nuclear charge and decrease its effect on valence; for trends down the table |
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Atomic Radii |
- half the distance between 2 adjoining nuclei/ intermolecular distance -increases down the table: more and more core electrons shielding the valence from nuclear charge; atoms bigger due to shielding effect- more energy levels -decreases across the table or within one period: atoms smaller due to increased nuclear charge *no noble gases |
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Ionic Radii |
-half thee distance between 2 adjoining ion nuclei/ internuclei distance -metals: cations are smaller than atoms (nuclear charge spread out over fewer electrons) -nonmetals: anions are larger then the atom (nuclear charge spread out over more electrons) -increases down the table: shielding effect increases -decreases until it hits the metalloid staircase (nuclear charge distributed around fewer electrons), then it increases (nuclear charge distributed around more electrons) *no noble gases |
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First Ionization energy |
-Energy in J to remove the outermost valence electrons in the gaseous form of an element -Increases across table (nuclear charge increases: getting closer to making an octet --> harder to get rid of an electron0 - Decreases down table: shielding effect (takes much less to break a bond |
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Electron Affinity |
-opposite of ionization energy -energy released when an electron is detached from a charged ion and forms a molecule -Less negative down a table -More negative across a table: more energy being released |
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Electronegativity |
-Pauling scale 0.0 (no ability) --> 4.0 (high ability) -Scale of how much pull an atom has on the electron pair in the covalent bond -Decreases down table: shielding effect (many layers, less connection) -Increases across table: nuclear charge -Francium: lowest -Fluorine: highest |
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Melting point |
-Group 1: decreases down family -Group 17: increases down family |
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Group 1 elements (alkali metals) : Physical Properties |
-silvery -soft -need to be stored in oil -solid at room temperature -Low densities (density increases down the table) -Li, N, K are less dense than water -Melting and boiling point high -Melting point decreases down the family |
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Group 1 elements: Reactions with oxygen |
- group 1+oxygen --> metal oxide (basic oxide) -basic oxides are solid at room temperature |
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Group 1 elements: Reactions with water |
-group 1+water --> hydrogen gas + metal hydroxide (base) -vigorously exothermic |
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Group 1 elements: Trend in reactivity |
-alkali metals are extremely reactive -ionization energy decreases down a family -reactivity increases as you go down a family |
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Group 17 elements (halogens): Physical Properties |
-solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature due to density changes (increases going down PT) -Molecular mass increases, so do vanderwaals forces -Form diatomic atoms when they don't react -Every member has a different color |
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Group 17 elements: Reactions with Alkali metals |
-Salt formation: group 1+ group 17 --> ionic salt (solid at room temperature) -Single replacement/displacement: reactivity decreases down a group, Cl2 (g) + KBr (aq) --> Br2 (l) + KCl
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Group 18 elements (nobel gases) |
-all gases -all nonreactive |
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General trends |
-Left of staircase- metals react with oxygen to form metal oxide -Right of staircase- nonmetals react with oxygen to form nonmetal oxide -Touching staircase- form amphoteric oxide (acid or base) |
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Period 2 and 3 oxides reacting with water: metal oxide |
-react with water to form bases (aqueous) -true for period 2 and 3 but not too sure about transition metals K +O2 --> K2O K2O(s) + H2O (l) --> KOH(aq)
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Period 2 and 3 oxides reacting with water: nonmetal oxide |
-gases/solids -typically result of combustion -secondary reaction --> acid oxide -acid is weak and aqueous S(s) + O2 (g) --> SO2 (g) SO2(g) + H2O (l) --> H2SO2 (aq) |
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Amalgams |
solutions formed by a liquid dissolving other metals |
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Chemical reactions |
nonmetals gain electrons (reduced) metals lose electrons (oxidized)
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Sublevels |
sublevel-max number of electrons-number of orbitals s-2-1 p-6-3 d-10-5 f-14-7 |
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Valence electrons |
-outer shell electrons -found from group # of s and p block elements p block --> 1 dropped in group # --> # of ve |
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metal Oxides |
basic react with water to form metal hydroxide |
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nonmetal oxides |
acidic react with water to form acidic solutions |
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review |
alkali metal and halogen --> salt metal oxide and water --> base nonmetal oxide and water --> acid alkali metal and water --> hydrogen gas and base element and oxygen --> oxide |
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groups |
1- alkali metals 2- alkaline earth metals 14- carbon family 15- pnictogens 16- chalcogens 17-halogens 18- noble gases |
