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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Culture? |
Set of norms that are accepted within a group, society or organization based on attitudes, values, beliefs and frameworks of that group |
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What are some characteristics of Culture? |
• Culture is learned (can change over time) • Shared by the majority of members • Cultural elements are interdependent |
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What are the different classifications of culture? |
• National/Regional/Local— based mostly on geographic similarities, shared history • Cross-National (political, religious)— based more on philosophical connections • Organizational— the work ethic and pattern of interaction between employees within a business |
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What are the different ways businesses can utilize culture? |
• Face-to-face meeting vs emailing • Respect for seniority vs respect for new ideas • Openness vs regid hierarchy |
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What are the different dimensions of the Hofstede Cultural Model?
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1. Normative vs Pragmatism
2. Restraint vs Indulgence 3. Individualism vs Collectivism 4. Masculinity vs Femininity 5. Power Distance 6. Uncertainty Avoidance |
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What does Normative vs Pragmatism measure? Examples? |
Describes how people in the past, as well as today, relate to the fact that so much that happens around us cannot be explained
Normative: Strong desire to explain as much as possible, small tendency to save for the future, focus on quick results
Pragmatic: Don't need to explain everything, strong tendency to save and invest, focus on perserverance
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What does Restraint vs Indulgence measure? Examples? |
Restraint: A society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms (control impulses, pessimism, low leisure time)
Indulgence: A society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun (gives into impulses, optimistic, high leisure time) |
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What does Individualism vs Collectivism measure? Examples? |
Collectivism: The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups (obligations to others, traditional values, shame due to failing groups, elders transmit knowledge)
Individualism: Societies in which the ties between individuals are loose (independence, true to own values, shame due to individual failure, seek knowledge through text) |
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What does Masculinity vs Femininity measure? Examples? |
Refers to the distribution of roles between the genders (assertive=masculine, modest/caring=feminine)
Masculine: Conflicts resolved by aggression, manufacturing business are seen as more importance than arts and healing
Feminine: Conflicts solved by negotiation, arts and healing are more important than manufacturing and business |
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What does Power Distance measure? Examples? |
The extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally
Low Power Distance: Hierarchy is an inequality of roles- for convenience only, superiors/subordinates are people just like me, powerful people should try not to look too powerful
High Power Distance: Hierarchy is a fact of life- everyone has his or her rightful place, superiors/subordinates are different to me, powerful people try to look as powerful as possible |
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What does Uncertainty Avoidance measure? Examples? |
A society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity
Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Less orderly, few records, moderate resistance to change, innovation is rewarded
High Uncertainty Avoidance: Orderly, keep meticulous records, strong resistance to change, accuracy is rewarded |
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What is the definition for Culture Shock? |
The emotional and behavioural reaction to living and working in another culture. |
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What are the typical patterns of Culture Shock? |
1. Charming 2. Evil 3. Different |
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What are the effects of culture shock? |
-feeling of disorientation -not knowing what is going on -behaviours/attitudes that we needed in our culture no longer useful -familiar behaviours now seen as bad manners -so many adjustments need to be made leaving us overwhelmed and frustrated |
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What is the deffiniton for Marketing?
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All of the activities involved in -creating -promoting -delivering goods and services -from the producer to the consumer |
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What are the 4 P's? |
1. Price 2. Product 3. Placement 4. Promotion |
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Explain Price |
Decisions related to the market price assigned to a product * Duties and tariffs * Legal costs * Competition's price |
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Explain Product |
Decisions related to the design and packaging of the product itself * Colour Design * Product measurements (ml vs. fl. oz.) * Ingredients * Styling * Language |
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Explain Placement |
Decisions related to the delivery of product to consumers * Licensing / Distribution / Franchise agreements * Shipping costs/duties |
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Explain Promotion |
Decisions related to the communication and advertisement of product to consumers * Language * Competition Strategy * Appeal to Maslow |
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What are the two C's? |
1. Consumer (target market) 2. Competition (Direct, Indirect, Going international intensifies competition) |
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What are demographics? |
Measurable characteristics such as: -Age -Income -Gender -Religion -Language |
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What are psychographics? |
Beliefs, behaviours and consumption patterns (maslows)
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What are Maslows hierarcy of needs |
Theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a pyramid
1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Belongingness and Love Needs 4. Esteem Needs 5. Self Actualization |
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Explain decentralized marketing and the pros and cons |
Production and/or promotions is controlled from one central location, then exported to other markets (consistent)
Pros: Brand Building, Synergy, Cost Benefits Cons: Loss of market connection, harder to maintain |
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Explain centralized marketing and the pros and cons |
Market structure that consists of a network of various technical devices
Pros: Allows for local marketing initiatives and decisions, Closer to market, increases flexibility, culture sensitivity Cons: Much more costly, harder to maintain from corporate level (loss of brand identity) |
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What is the difference between Branding and Marketing? |
1. Marketing is your message. Your brand is who you are. 2. You own your marketing; your consumers own your brand. |
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What are the international marketing plan steps? |
1: Determine your product’s exportability. 2: Research the target market— demographics / psychographics. 3: Determine the impact on the existing marketing mix. 4: Entering — Determine your market entry strategy. 5: Organize, implement and test (quality control) your marketing plan. |
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What is the definition for Logistics and its goal? |
Everything related to planning for, implementing, and controlling the flow and storage of raw materials, inventory, finished goods, and related information
Goal: To be efficient and cost-effective |
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What are the 4 components of logistics? |
1. Sourcing 2. Warehousing & Storage 3. Physical Distribution 4. Information Management |
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What is the definition of Supply Chain Management? |
The chain of activities, distribution and related events that transforms raw materials into a given product |
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Explain Supply Chain Integration |
1. Backwards integration: Acquiring suppliers (cheaper sourcing, limits sourcing for competition)
2. Forwards integration: Acquiring customers (dedicated sales front) |
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What is a supply chain? |
Includes all of the companies that participate in the design, assembly, and delivery of products for consumers
1. Raw Material Supplier 2. Manufacturer 3. Your Company 4. Wholesaler 5. Retailer 6. Customers |
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How is the distribution of a product affected? |
1. Typograpgy 2. Climate 3. Cost 4. Containerization (Transportation of cargo in containers that can be interchanged between ships, trains, and trucks with standardized handling equipment, and without rehandling the contents) |
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What are the different modes of transportation? |
1. Rail 2. Road 3. Air 4. Water |
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What is the definition for Exporting Intermediaries |
1. Logistics Companies (services from door of exporter to door of importer) 2. Freight Forwarders (negotiate rates for shipping, storing) 3. Customs Brokers (clears goods through customs, arrange warehousing and transportation after clearing customs) |
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What are some export and import documentation examples? |
1. Commercial Invoice: Required for customs, is "the bill" 2. Export packing list- list of items but NOT prices 3. Certificate of origin- where the product is from 4. Certificate of inspection- quality check |
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study for long answer -Hofstede/Culture, -4 P’s – Marketing Plan Shipping
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study for long answer -Hofstede/Culture, -4 P’s – Marketing Plan Shipping |
