Ib Biology Reproduction Unit

Front 1

the male Gonads

Back 1

the testes

Front 2

teste

Back 2

an organ wich produces the male gamate, sperm

Front 3

Head
(sperm)

Back 3

contains the DNA acrosome

Front 4

acrosome

Back 4

contains enzymes to help protect the sperm

Front 5

midpiece/body
(sperm)

Back 5

contains many mitochondria wich make ATP, so the sperm has energy to move

Front 6

tail
(sperm)

Back 6

a typical flagaellem, propells the sperm

Front 7

the testes have a muscular covering (pouch of skin) called the _____

Back 7

scrotum

Front 8

inside the testes there are 500 tightly coiled tubes called the _____

Back 8

seminiferous tubules

Front 9

______ ____are lined with spermatogenic celss in various stages of development

Back 9

seminiferous tubules

Front 10

sertoli cells
(location)

Back 10

located between the developing sperm cells in the semifurnouse tubules

Front 11

sertoli cells
(function)

Back 11

they support, protect, and nourish permatogenic cells, phargcytize degenerating spermatogenic cells

produce inhibin

Front 12

inhibin

Back 12

regulates sperm production

Front 13

ledig cells

Back 13

make terstostorone

Front 14

seminal fluid

Back 14

provides a mixture of nutrients and water

(produed my the seminifurous tubules)

Front 15

the "journey" of the sperm

Back 15

• Seminiferous tubule
• Straight tubule
• Epidermis
• vas deferens
• urethra
• penis
• out of the body

Front 16

prostate gland

Back 16

(located directly under th bladder)

it secrets a fluid, which aids in sperm mobility

Front 17

cowper's gland

Back 17

makes fluid that removes residue urine from the urethra
wich might harm the sperm

Front 18

seminal vessicle

Back 18

contributes nutrients to the semen

Front 19

spermatogenisis

Back 19

the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm

at the end of the enitire cycle,there are 4 viable sperm that are made

Front 20

with in the testes, the sperm develop from immature sex cells called _____

Back 20

spermatogonia

Front 21

at the start of puberty the _________ _______ (in brain) starts to secrete 2 hormones that have profound effects on male reproductive orgnas:

FSH and LH

Back 21

pituatary gland

Front 22

LH

Back 22

stimulates leydig cells to secrete the hormone testostorone

Front 23

_____ and testosterone act on the seminferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis

Back 23

FSH

Front 24

Ovaries:

Back 24

organs which produce and contain the femaile gamete (eggs or ova)

Front 25

The eggs develop inside a cavity called the _______

Back 25

graafian follicle

Front 26

When the egg is mature, it breaks out of the ovary and enters one of the ______

This process is called ____

Back 26

fallopian tubes

Ovulation

Front 27

If it is fertilized, the egg will implant itself in the _____

Back 27

uterus

Front 28

If it is not fertilized, itll travel thorugh the uterus, through the opening between the uterus and vagina called the ____, and out through
the _______, wich is also called the _____

Back 28

cervix

vagina

birth canal

Front 29

hormone:

Back 29

is a chemical secreted by a gland or organ in one part of the body tht controls a chemical reaction in another part

Front 30

hormones that control the menstrual cycle are made in the ______ and ______

Back 30

ovaries and pituitary gland

Front 31

secondary sex characteristics

Back 31

characteristis girls get during puberty

Front 32

FSH:
(abreviation)

Back 32

Follice Stimulating Hormone

Front 33

FSH:

(definition)

Back 33

A hormone that initiates the maturation of the egg and stimulates the ovaries to sectrete estrogens

Front 34

FSH:

(where its made)

Back 34

secreted by the pituitary gland

Front 35

Estrogen

(where its made)

Back 35

secreted by the ovaries

Front 36

Estrogen

(function)

Back 36

Their main function is the development and maintainance of female reproductive structures
 Stimulated by FSH
 Builds uterine lining
 Stimulates production of LH

Front 37

LH:

(abbreviation)

Back 37

Luiteinizing Hormone

Front 38

LH:

(Where its made)

Back 38

secreted by the pituitary gland

Front 39

LH

Back 39

Hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone

Front 40

Ovulation

Back 40

When the LH in the blood reaches a certain level, the follicle breaKs releasing a mature egg

Front 41

After ovulation, LH causes the broken follicle to fill with cells forming a yellow-body called the_______

Back 41

corpus luteum

Front 42

The corpus luteum begin to secrete _______ wich brings about continued growth of the uterine lining

Back 42

progrestone

Front 43

Whats the hormone of pregnancy?
Why?

Back 43

LH; Because it maintains the uterine wall

Front 44

Corpus luteum gets a signal from the fertilized egg in the form of _______ that’ll keep the uterine lining thick

Back 44

HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)

Front 45

what happens if there is no signall from the fertilized egg to the corpus luteum

Back 45

the uterine lining wont stay thick, so itll shed (menstration)

Front 46

Oogenesis:

Back 46

the production of eggs in the ovary

Front 47

Eggs develop on the ovary from immature cells called _______

Back 47

oogonia

Front 48

Oogoioa contain the ____ number of chromosomes

Back 48

diploid

Front 49

ovulation takes place on day ___

Back 49

14, half way through the menstration cycle

Front 50

In humans, the production of oogonio stops at ______

Back 50

birth

Front 51

During the early development of the female organism, the oogonia divide many times by ______to form a supply of oogonio

Back 51

mitosis

Front 52

By about the ____ month of development, the oogonia with the baby’s ovaries begin to develop into cells called_______

Back 52

third

primary oocytes

Front 53

When the first meitoc division takes place in the primary oocyte, does the cytoplasm of the cells divides unequally?

Back 53

No; One of the daughter cells is large and receives most of the cytoplasm

Front 54

Oogenesis:

what is the large daughter cell wich receives most of the cytoplasm called?

Back 54

secondary oocyte

Front 55

in Oogenesis, What is the smaller daughter cell called?

Back 55

first polar body

Front 56

In Oogenesis each of the daughter cells has the _____ number of chromosomes

Back 56

haploid (1n)

Front 57

Oogenesis:

The second oocyte is released from the ovary in a process called ________

Back 57

ovulation

Front 58

Oogenesis:

Once the secondary oocyte exists the ovary, it begins to travel down the ______

Back 58

uterine tube

Front 59

Oogenesis:

What happens if the secondary oocyte doesn’t encounter a spermatozoan? (after traveling down the uterine tube)

Back 59

it never undergoes the secondary meiotic division

Front 60

Oogenesis:

When does the secondary meiotic division happen?

Back 60

It only occurs when fertilization happens

Front 61

Oogenesis:

During the _______ , the secondary oocyte divides unequally in to a large cell called an ootid/egg and another polar body

Back 61

second meiotic division

Front 62

Oogenesis:

during the secondary meiotic diviosn the first ______ may also divide into two

Back 62

polar body

Front 63

The outcome of oogenisis

Back 63

for every one oogonioa, there is one viable egg and 3 polar bodies

Front 64

Embryonic Development:

name for a baby from
Ferilization to 8 days

Back 64

zygote

Front 65

Embryonic Development:

name for a baby from
8 days to 8 weeks

Back 65

embryo

Front 66

Embryonic Development:

name for a baby from
8 weeks to birth

Back 66

fetus

Front 67

Embryonic Development:

After fertilization, the zygote begins a series of cell divisions known as ________

Back 67

cleavage

Front 68

Embryonic Development:

During cleavage, the fertilized egg divides by mitosis into ____ cells, then ____, then ________, and so on

Back 68

two

four

eight

Front 69

Embryonic Development:

During cleavage, the cells _____ _____

Back 69

dont grow

Front 70

Embryonic Development:

cleavage changes a single, large fertilized egg in to _____ ____ _____

Back 70

many small cells

Front 71

Embryonic Development:

The early divisions of cleavage result in a ______

Back 71

solid ball of cells

(morula)

Front 72

Embryonic Development:

The solid ball of cells that early divisions of cleavage result in is called the ____

Back 72

morula

Front 73

Embryonic Development:

the solid ball of cells rearange to form a _____

Back 73

hollow sphere

Front 74

Embryonic Development:

at which stage is the ebryo called a blastula

Back 74

when the sollic ball of cells rearanage to form a hollow sphere and the sphere is filled with fluid

Front 75

Embryonic Development:


As the bastula develops, it reaches a point at which the cells begin to grow before _____

Back 75

dividing

Front 76

Embryonic Development:

as the bastula reaches a point at which the cells grow before dividing the cell makes ______

Back 76

varios movement

Front 77

Embryonic Development:

When the blastula reaches several 100 cells, the cells on one side move inword and form a 2-layered embryo called the ______

Back 77

gastrula

Front 78

Embryonic Development:

when does the blastula form the gastrula

Back 78

When the blastula reaches several 100 cells

Front 79

Embryonic Development:

The outer layer of the cells in the gastrula is called the _____

Back 79

ecroderm

Front 80

Embryonic Development:

The INNER layer of the cells in the gastrula is called the _____

Back 80

endoderm

Front 81

Embryonic Development:

After the endoderm and actoderm are established, a third cell layer, the ____ forms between them

Back 81

mesoderm

Front 82

Embryonic Development:

What are the 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)called? Why?

Back 82

germ layers; because they give rise to all the tissues and organs of multicellular animals

Front 83

Embryonic Development:

What does the ectoderm develop into?

Back 83

• Nervouse system
• Lining o the mouth, nostrils and anis
• Epidermis, hair, sweat glands, nails

Front 84

Embryonic Development:

What does the mesoderm develop into?

Back 84

• Bones and muscles
• Blood and vessels reproductive and excretory systems
• Dermis of skin

Front 85

Embryonic Development:

What does the endoderm develop into?

Back 85

• Digestive tract
• Lining of trachea bronchi and lungs
• Liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder

Front 86

The uniting of the sperm and egg cell is called ____

Back 86

fertilization

Front 87

In order for fertilization to take place, the males sperm must first penetrate the _______

Back 87

zona pellucida

Front 88

zona pellucida:

Back 88

a strong membrane that forms around an ovyum as it develops in the ovary

Front 89

If fertilization takes place, the _____ _______ disappears to permit implantation in the ____

Back 89

zona pellucida;uterus

Front 90

After it has been fertilized, the zygote quickly changes from __ _____ to ___

Back 90

one cell to many.

Front 91

The zygote travels down the ______ _____ or oviduct for 5 to 8 days, until it comes to rest on the ____ ____

Back 91

fallopian tube; uterine lining.

Front 92

what happens when the zygote travels down the fallopian tube and rests on the uterine ling?

Back 92

it develpops a tiny root- like progections that penetrate the uterine lining and extract nourishment for about one month

Front 93

Through a complex process of _____ ______, the placenta is developed,

Back 93

cell division

Front 94

What does the placenta provide? How?

Back 94

the placenta provides food, O2 , and water from the mother to the baby by way of the umbilical cord.

Front 95

Pregnancy:

Back 95

is the term used to describe the growth period of the baby between fertilization and birth.

Front 96

1ST TRIMESTER:
(in months)

Back 96

month 1-3

Front 97

by the end of the first trimester:

Back 97

othe fetus is completely formed
 All major organs formed (heart beat on 25th day)
 Arms, legs, head, trunk, etc.

Front 98

2nd TRIMESTER:
(in months)

Back 98

month 4-6

Front 99

2nd TRIMESTER:

Back 99

o Fetus is very active
o Mom can feel the baby kick and move.

Front 100

3rd TRIMESTER:
(in months)

Back 100

month 7-9

Front 101

3rd TRIMESTER

Back 101

o Fetus grows rapidly
 Stores fat and calcium
 Full term is 38-40 weeks