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385 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atom
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Smallest unit of Matter retaining properties of an element. (Sub-atomic particles make up an atom.)
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Nucleus
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Core of an atom containing protons and neutrons
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Valence Shell
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Outermost electron shell of an atom
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Energy Levels
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Specific area around a Nucleus in which electrons occur. Also known as the Electron Shell
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Atomic Mass
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Weight of an atom
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Atomic Number
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Number of an atom's combined electrons and neutrons
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Electron Cloud
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Swirling electrons around a nuclus, made up of electron shells
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Compound
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combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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matter cannot be created nor destroyed, only changed to different forms
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product
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the result of a chemical reaction
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Yield
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the ususally irreversible process of changing from reactants to product
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reactant
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what goes into a chemical reaction
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Acid/base
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absence or presence of H+ molecule.
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more H+ means
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more acid substance
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less H+ means
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more basic substance
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Solution
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mixture of two or more substances
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Solvent
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substance being dissolved into, ususally water
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Solute
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material being dissolved
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molecular formula
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method of writing information of molecules by its atoms
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molecule
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two or more atoms with a covalent bond
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Covalent Bonds
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two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons, forming a molecule
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Ionic Bonds
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attraction between ions of opposite charge.
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Ions
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charged atoms
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Anions
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atoms with negative charge
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Cations
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Atoms with a positive charge
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element
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substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
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pH
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amount of H+ in an object
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period
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a single row of the periodic table
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group
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single column of the periodic table of the elements
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electronegativity
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an atom's attraction to electrons. The more electronegativity, the stronger the pull is
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Isotope
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all elements of the same type have the same amount of protons. when the amount of neutrons changes, the element becomes a different isotope.
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radioactive isotope
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isotope that decays spontaneously, releasing energy and particles
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nuclide
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generic name given to a specific isotope of a specific atom
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octet rule
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rule stating that an atom's outermost electron shell can have a minimum of eight electrons
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polar covalent bond
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Unequal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bonding
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weak bond created when hydrogen is part of a covalent bond. can attract other electronegative atoms becuase hydrogen is always partially positive.
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heat
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total amount of energy within a certain body of matter. ex: the sea has a large amount of heat
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temperature
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intesity/concentration of heat within a certain object
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acid rain
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precipitation with a pH balance of less than 5.6
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matter
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anything occupying space that has mass.
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element
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substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
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pH
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amount of H+ in an object
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period
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a single row of the periodic table
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group
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single column of the periodic table of the elements
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electronegativity
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an atom's attraction to electrons. The more electronegativity, the stronger the pull is
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Isotope
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all elements of the same type have the same amount of protons. when the amount of neutrons changes, the element becomes a different isotope.
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radioactive isotope
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isotope that decays spontaneously, releasing energy and particles
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nuclide
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generic name given to a specific isotope of a specific atom
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octet rule
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rule stating that an atom's outermost electron shell can have a minimum of eight electrons
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polar covalent bond
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Unequal sharing of electrons
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hydrogen bonding
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weak bond created when hydrogen is part of a covalent bond. can attract other electronegative atoms becuase hydrogen is always partially positive.
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heat
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total amount of energy within a certain body of matter. ex: the sea has a large amount of heat
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temperature
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intesity/concentration of heat within a certain object
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acid rain
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precipitation with a pH balance of less than 5.6
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matter
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anything occupying space that has mass.
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organic molecule
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carbon-based molecules; also known as organic compounds
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Hydrocarbon
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compounds created of only hydrogen and carbon
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functional group
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groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions
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carbonyl
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carbon double-bonded to an oxygen
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hydrophillic
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water-loving; dissolves in water
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polymer
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small organic molecules strung together
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dehydration synthesis
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a water molecule is taken out to combine two monomers or polymer chains
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hydrolysis
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opposite of dehydration synthesis; a water molecule is produced when a polymer breaks
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monosaccharides
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carbohydrate sugars like glucose and fructose
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polysaccharides
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polymers made up of monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis. ie starch
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maltose and sucrose
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disaccharides made up of glucose and fructose
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glycogen
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animals store extra sugars in the form of a glucose polysaccharide called glycogen
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proteins
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polymers made up of amino acid monomers; also called polypeptides
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8 types of proteins-
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enzymatic, storage, structural, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractive, defensive
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storage proteins
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source of amino acids to create other necessary proteins
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transport proteins
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found in the phospholipid bilayer, it helps filter larger/polar molecules our and in of the cell
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enzymes
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our form of catalyst: it speeds up chemical reactions without changing itself
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RNA
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Ribonucleic acid- DNA changes to this to put genetic information into protein structures
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Lipids
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consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen, and because they are linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, they are hydrophobic
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4 types of lipids
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phospholipids, steroids, waxes and fats
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fats
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form of a lipid made by glycogen and 3 fatty acids; can be saturated or unsaturated; efficient energy source
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unsaturated fats
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fats with a double bond and without the maximum of hydrogens connected
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steroids
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type of lipid with carbon skeleton in the shape of four fused rings. there are one 5 sided ring and three six sided rings
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catabolic steroids
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the ability to speed up reaction times without changing
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protein structure
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each protein with a different function has a different shape
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secondary structure (proteins)
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the chain of amino acids begins to coil into alpha helix or fold into beta pleated sheets
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quaternary structure
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two or more polypeptide chains together (in blob form)
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carbon skeleton
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chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
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hydroxyl
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hydrogen double-bonded to an oxygen, bonded to the carbon skeleton
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hydroxyl creates...
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alcohols
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hydroxyl is polar, therefore it
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likes water, attracts electrons, has charge
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carbonyl
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carbon double bonded to an oxygen; has two types: aldehyde and ketone
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aldehyde
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carbonyl group at one end of the carbon skeleton
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ketone
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carbonyl is in the middle of the carbon skeleton
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amino
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has an NH2 bonded to the carbon skeleton and acts like a base
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sulfhydryl
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-SH group added to carbon skeleton, AKA thiols, two SH groups interact to stabilize protein structure
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phosphate group
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phosphate in center with one double bonded oxygen and three single bonded oxygens; makes molecule it's attatched to an anion; can transfer energy between organic molecules
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carboxyl
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double bonded oxygen and OH
NOT a hydroxyl + aldehyde! |
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carbon is tetravalent, meaning
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it can bond to four other atoms
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the carbon atom has a total of ___ electrons; ____ in the first shell and ___ on the second shell
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6-2-4
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nh2=
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nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen
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monomer
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single piece of polymer
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macromolecules include
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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carbohydrates
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the ssacharides, store chemical energy
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cellulose
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special unbranched polysaccharide
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structural proteins
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found in hair tendons and ligaments, provide structure(!!!)
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defensive proteins
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antibodies are an example, defends cell against threats
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signal proteins
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found in phospholipid bilayer, it helps detect foreign cells as hostile bacteria or friendly
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saturated fats
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not double bonded, max amount of hydrocarbons
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phospholips
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lipid that has phosphorous and 2 fatty acids + glycerol
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anabolic steroids
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synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone
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Amino Acids
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made up of amino and carboxyl group. 20 different kinds
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primary structure of protein
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sequence of amino acids
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tertiary structure of protein
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the first three dimmensional protein structure, reinforced by covalent bonds
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covalent bonds in tertiary structure called
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disulfide bridges
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phospholipid bilayer
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two layers of phospholipid, membrane layer of cell
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phospholipid head is
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hydrophilic
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phospholipd tail is
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hydrophobic
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fluid mosaic model
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description of cell membrane- many protein molecules in a framework of phospholips
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receptor proteins
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protein that fits a certain messenger syster. the two bind and trigger chain reactions invovling other proteins, causing a molecule to do a specific activity.
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cellular transport
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the movement of substances across a cell. two types- active or passive
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active transport
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transport of substances across a cell's membrane against the concentration gradient; requires transport proteins and energy
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passive transport
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transportation of substances through a cell without the cell needing to do work
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diffusion
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natural tendency for particles of any kind to spread apart evenly
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facillitated diffusion
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process that sends a transport protein to open a pore so that molecules that are too large or have the wrong charge can get through
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osmosis
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movement of water molecules across a certain layer of the cell's selectively permeable membrane
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exocytosis
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process that allows bulky materials out of the cell
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types of active transport
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endocytosis and exocytosis
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types of passive transport
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osmosis, facillitated diffusion and diffusion
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endocytosis
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process that allows bulky materials into the cell
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types of endocytosis
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phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis
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vesicle
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part of cell that fuses with the plasma membrane and transports bulky contents like macromolecules to the other side, essential to active transport
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hypertonic solution
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Hyper = Above. A cell that is put into this substance may shrivel because it loses too much water. Hypertonic has too much solute.
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hypotonic
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Hypo = Below. A cell that is put into this substance will swell and may explode because it gains too much water. Hypotonic has too little solute.
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isotonic
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Cell will remain constant in a substance that is this type. Cell gains water as it loses it.
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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Very specific type of Endocytosis. Plasma membrane indents, then pinches, allowing the receptor proteins with molecules from their surroundings in.
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concentration gradient
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- Imbalance of chemical substances/solutes that usually tries to correct itself by Diffusion.
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thermodynamics
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the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
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energy
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capacity to do work
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion like heat
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potential energy
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stored energy as a result of structure or location
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chemical energy
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potential energy of molecules that is most important for living organisms
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exergonic reaction
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form of chemical reaction which releases energy
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cellular respiration
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all of the chemical reactions related to Atp that a cell does
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endergonic reaction
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form of chemical reaction that absorbs energy
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cellular metabolism
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all of the chemical reactions a cell does, divided into anabolism and catabolism
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anabolism
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chemical reaction that builds bigger and better molecules from smaller ones
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catabolism
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chemical reaction that breaks larger molecules into smaller ones
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substrate
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specific reactant that a specific enzyme can act on
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active site
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place where substrate bonds to enzyme
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denaturing
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deforming of a proteins shape that hurts the function, caused by temp or ph change
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coenzyme
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cofactor that is an organic molecule
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cofactor
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helper that allows enzymes to function
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inhibitors
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chemical that interferes with enzymes; competitive and noncompetitive
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negative feedback
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aka feedback inhibition, when enzyme has produced too many products, the products themself block enzyme
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nucleus
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controls a eukaryotes's actions and contains DNA
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nucleolus
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center of the nucleus, produces pieces of ribosomes
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ribosomes
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tiny structures that produce proteins
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vacuoles
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membraneous sacs larger than vesicles, many types, function like lysosomes
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pili
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short projections of a prokaryote that stick to places
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chloroplasts
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photosynthesizing organelles of all plant eukaryotes
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golgi apparatus
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recieves and modifies substances from teh ERs
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rough er
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create more membrane and modify proteins
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smooth er
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combines substances to create lipids and stores calcium ions
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prokaryotic cell
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cell which has a nucleioid region
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eukaryotic cell
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cell which has a nucleus, all plant and animal cells have it
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chlorophyll
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part of the chloroplast which absorbs sunlight
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mitochondrian
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organelles that carry our cellular respiration, create atp
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lysosomes
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holds digestive(hydrolytic) enzymes in its sac. if one breaks, the cell may die
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robert hooke
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discovered cell
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cell membrane
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fluid mosaic which holds phospholipids and proteins
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cell wall
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unique to plants, rigid wall that retains cell;s shape
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cytoplasm
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all of the fluid filled region between nucleus and plasma membrane
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leeuwenhoek
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improved the microscope
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chromosomes
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found in the nucleus, fibers are DNA that are protein blueprints
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bacterial capsule
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sticky outer coat that surrounds a bacteria
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plant cell defined by
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cell walls, cellulose and chloroplasts
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animal cell defined by
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centrioles, lysosomes and flagellum
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organelle
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any of the small parts making up a cell
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cell
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individual structure complete with a wall and internal organs, makes up living matter
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wicking
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placing dye close to cells then absorbing most of it with a paper towel so the cells are stained but still visible
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chromosome
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A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
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chromatid
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half a chromosome
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DNA
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deoxyribose nucleic acid. genetic material in the nucleus
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cell division
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splitting of one cell into two indentical cells
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osmosis
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movement of water molecules across a certain layer of the cell's selectively permeable membrane
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exocytosis
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process that allows bulky materials out of the cell
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types of active transport
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endocytosis and exocytosis
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types of passive transport
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osmosis, facillitated diffusion and diffusion
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endocytosis
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process that allows bulky materials into the cell
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types of endocytosis
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phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis
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vesicle
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part of cell that fuses with the plasma membrane and transports bulky contents like macromolecules to the other side, essential to active transport
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hypertonic solution
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Hyper = Above. A cell that is put into this substance may shrivel because it loses too much water. Hypertonic has too much solute.
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hypotonic
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Hypo = Below. A cell that is put into this substance will swell and may explode because it gains too much water. Hypotonic has too little solute.
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isotonic
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Cell will remain constant in a substance that is this type. Cell gains water as it loses it.
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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Very specific type of Endocytosis. Plasma membrane indents, then pinches, allowing the receptor proteins with molecules from their surroundings in.
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concentration gradient
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- Imbalance of chemical substances/solutes that usually tries to correct itself by Diffusion.
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thermodynamics
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the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
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energy
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capacity to do work
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion like heat
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chromatin
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combination of dna and protein molecules
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mitosis is for
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somatic cells (diploid)
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meiosis is for
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sex cells (haploid)
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interphase
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phase before mitosis that allows cell to get ready for cell division. broken into g1, s and g2.
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g1
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gap 1, huge growth of cell
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g2
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cell completes growth for division
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s phase
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phase in which chromosomes are duplicated
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synapsis
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act of crossing over (chiasmsa) in the tetrads; why kids don;t look the same as their parents
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allele
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variation of a certain gene (characteristic)
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gene
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characteristics of offspring
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carpel
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contains the stigma, style and ovary; long rod that leads to the ovary
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genotypic ratio
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chance that offspring will inherit certain genes: 1PP, 2Pp, 1pp
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polygenic inheritance
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many genes affect a characteristic
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pistil
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female reproductive part of a flower
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test-cross
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mating between an unknown and a homozygous recessive to find the unknown's genotype
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chromatin
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combination of dna and protein molecules
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mitosis is for
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somatic cells (diploid)
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meiosis is for
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sex cells (haploid)
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interphase
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phase before mitosis that allows cell to get ready for cell division. broken into g1, s and g2.
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g1
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gap 1, huge growth of cell
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g2
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cell completes growth for division
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s phase
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phase in which chromosomes are duplicated
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synapsis
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act of crossing over (chiasmsa) in the tetrads; why kids don;t look the same as their parents
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allele
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variation of a certain gene (characteristic)
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gene
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characteristics of offspring
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carpel
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contains the stigma, style and ovary; long rod that leads to the ovary
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genotypic ratio
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chance that offspring will inherit certain genes: 1PP, 2Pp, 1pp
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polygenic inheritance
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many genes affect a characteristic
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pistil
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female reproductive part of a flower
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test-cross
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mating between an unknown and a homozygous recessive to find the unknown's genotype
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genotype
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alleles which are present
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codominance
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both alleles are shown without mixing (black and white spots)
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p gen
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parent generation
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phenotype
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characteristic that is shown
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pleitrophy
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one gene affects many traits
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f1 GEN
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first offspring of a p gen
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true breeding
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self fertilization; will produce offspring identical to parent; only in plants
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phenotypic ratio
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chance that offspring will show certain genes
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incomplete dominance
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traits blend (white+black=grey)
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transformation
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when a benign cell becomes malignant due to contact with another malignant cell; theory accredited to fred griffith
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transforming factor
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dna; discovered by ozzy avery
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chargraff's rule
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in dna, its always a + t, c + g
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rosalind franklin
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created first crystallographic image of dna, helped watson/crick make model; screwed out of credit because men are pigs
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dna structure
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double helix
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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genotype
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alleles which are present
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codominance
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both alleles are shown without mixing (black and white spots)
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p gen
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parent generation
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phenotype
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characteristic that is shown
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pleitrophy
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one gene affects many traits
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f1 GEN
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first offspring of a p gen
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true breeding
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self fertilization; will produce offspring identical to parent; only in plants
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phenotypic ratio
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chance that offspring will show certain genes
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incomplete dominance
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traits blend (white+black=grey)
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transformation
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when a benign cell becomes malignant due to contact with another malignant cell; theory accredited to fred griffith
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transforming factor
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dna; discovered by ozzy avery
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chargraff's rule
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in dna, its always a + t, c + g
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rosalind franklin
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created first crystallographic image of dna, helped watson/crick make model; screwed out of credit because men are pigs
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dna structure
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double helix
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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uracil replaces _____ in rna
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thymine
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RnA
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ribonucleic- single strand that assists in the change to protein; recognized by amino acid
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transcription
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transfer of genetic information from dna to rna
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rna polymerase
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connects rna strand as transcription takes place in little bubbles in random places
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three types of rna
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messenger, transfer and ribosomal
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transfer rna-
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allows amino acids to recognize certain codons in messenger rna
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messenger rna
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what is directly translated from dna; read by transfer rna and converted to proteins by ribosomal rna
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ribosomal rna
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part of the ribosome that mRNA; puts amino acids in the correct order
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codon
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three nucleiotide sequence that is specific to an amino acid or end codon
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five supports for evolution-
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fossil record; biogeography; molecular biology; comparitive anatomy; comparitive embryology
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fossil record
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ordered array of fossils within the ground with the simplest at the bottom
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comparitive anatomy
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all vertebrae have similar characteristics during early embryonic stages
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biogeography
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geograpic distribution of species
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molecular biology
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similarity in dna sequences or organisms; implies common ancestor
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comparitive anatomy
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comparison of similar body structures used for differing purposes; implies common ancestor
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buffon
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one of the first to suggest world is older than 6000 yrs old
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genetic drift
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change in the gene pool due to chance
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non-random mating
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organisms do not have specific preferences in choosing mates
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five conditions under which hardy weinberg will not occur
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mutation
gene flow genetic drift nonrandom mating natural selection |
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hardy weinberg equilbrium
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no evolution
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gene pool
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all of the alleles in a population
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aristotle
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antievolutionist
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lamarck
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WRONG!!! believed in inheritance of acquired characteristics; meaning he believes he was born being a moron due to genetic inheritance
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stabilizing selection
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natural selection that favors heterozygous forms of species
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bottleneck effect
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form of genetic drift in which an event kills a random selection of organisms, changing the gene pool
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founder effect
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form of genetic drift; small group from population breaks off with different allele frequency than main group
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mutation is a change in...
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nucleotide sequence of dna
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common descent
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all species are unified by common ancestor
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charles lyell
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published principles of geology; influenced darwin because he stated that earth changes over time
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diversifying/disruptive selection
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a natural selection that favors homozygous organism
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direction selection
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natural selection that favors certain homozygous
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modern synthesis
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theory of evolution that combines pop genetics, paleontology, taxonomy, and biogeo
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gene flow
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one of the three things that causes evo change; popualtion changes numbers due to migration or transfer of pops
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microevolution
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change of relative frequencies of alleles in a population that lead to the smallest form of evolution
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what does hemoglobin polypeptide support?
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molecular biology
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species
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a separate group of organisms; more definitively defined by species concepts
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hybrid breakdown
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postzygotic barrier in which the offspring of hybrids are not strong enough to survive
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postzygotic barriers
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barriers which act after the hybrid's offspring is produced to ensure the hybrid race is not prolonged
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temporal isolation
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prezygotic barrier inwhich mating of two species occurs at different times
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mechanical isolation
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sexual organs of two species do not fit
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parapatric speciation
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new gene enters gene pool and isolation happens, creating speciation
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punctuated equilibrium
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model of evolution that shows huge speciation followed by periods of little speciation
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speciation
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creation of a new species
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hybrid sterility
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postzygotic barriers in which the offspring of the hybrids cannot reproduce but are healthy enough to live a long life
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reproductive/behavioral isolation
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prezygotic barrier in which there is little to no attraction between two species
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habitat isolation
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prezygotic barrier in which the two species live in areas inaccesible to one another
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gametic isolation
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prezygotic barrier in which the two species may have sex but the two gametes do not form a zygote
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sympatric speciation
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reproductive isolation occurs and a new species arises without geographic isolation
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hybrid zone
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thin layer between two species that hybrids can exist
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hybrid inviability
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postzygotic barrier in which the offspring die before reaching sexual maturity
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prezygotic barriers
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barriers which keep the species separated before a hybrid is produced
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biological species concept
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organisms that can have offspring with one another
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ecological species concept
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organisms that have identical adaptations to fit in a certain community
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allopatric speciation
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creation of a new species due to geographical differences
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gradualist model of speciation
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model of evolution that shows many constant little changes in an organism to become two separate species
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name the 13 levels of organization in order from smallest to largest
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subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelle, cell, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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how would an ecologist study at the organism level?
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by explaining how it meets the challenges of its environment
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how would an ecologist study at the population level?
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by studying how its growth is limited
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how would an ecologist study at the ecosystem level?
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by studying how a specific community is impacted by its abiotic factors
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name the zones of the ocean
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intertidal, pelagic, benthic, photic and aphotic
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what are the major features of biomes?
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predominant veg, climatic features, mircoorganims, fungi and animals
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what is the difference between savannas and temp grasslands?
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savannas have few trees, temp grasslands have no trees
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capsid
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protein coat directly outside the nucleic acid core
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viral envelope
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covering over a viral envelope, allows it to pass through cells undetected
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lytic cycle
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creation of viruses that kills the cell
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virion
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a ready virus; complete with everything it needs to infect another cell
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dna viruses
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viruses that have dna in their nucleic acid core
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helical viruses
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viruses that look like a spiral pillar
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lysogenic cycle
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creation of viruses that does no kill the cell
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nucleic acid core
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center of a virus holding the genetic material of that virus
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rna viruses
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viruses that have rna in their nucleic acid core
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icosahedral virus
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virus that looks like the epcot ball
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bacteriophage
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virus that infects bacteria
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example of a dna virus
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retroviruses like HIV
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example of rna virus
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sars, hanta, influenza, ebola, etc
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what were the three trends in invertebrate evolution
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develop forms of symmetry, ways to move and become protective
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organisms with bilateral symmetry
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platyhelminthes, mollusca, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, chordata
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organisms with radial symmetry
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cnidaria and echinodermata
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what defines a chordate?
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dorsal hollow nerve cord, notocord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits
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agnatha
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lampreys and hagfish: OLD, jawless, leechy, etc
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chondrichthyans
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sharks and stingrays: cartilligenious skeleton, lateral line system, some filter feeders
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lateral line system
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set of sensory organs running along each side of the body that detect changes in water pressure and vibrations
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first tetrapods
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amphibia
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three types of mammals
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monotremes; marsupials, eutherians
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monotremes
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egg-laying mammals like echidna and platypus
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marsupials
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bear underdeveloped children who are carried in a pouch and drink mother's milk until developed
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eutherians
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placental mammals; bear fully developed young
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in what phylum are hermaphrodites common?
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platyhelminthes
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xydescribe modern theory of earth's creation
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The big bang occurred about 10-20 billion years ago, and spread all the mass in the universe apart. Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago as a cold planet, but heat from meteorites, radioactive decay, and gravity would thaw Earth and turn it into molten rock, which eventually solidified and becomes a thin crust that over time, hardens to become what it is today.
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what was the atmosphere like on early earth?
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no ozone or oxygen
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what produced our oxygen?
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prokaryotes
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what is important about fossils?
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can be traced backward and placed chronologically
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relative dating
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using the fossil record to date organisms; not accurate because it depends on estimations of other organism's age
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radioactive dating
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uses radioactive isotopes found in fossils to give specific dates; extremely accurate because its math and "math is concrete" because people are retarded and like numbers
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carbon 14
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radioactive isotope found in virtually every living thing, can be measured for radioactive dating
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geologic time scale
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world wide sequence of three eons divided further into eras, periods, and epochs
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what causes mass extinctions
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earth's epic fails
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mass extinction
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many species die
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continental drift
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shitfting of pangea due to plate tectonics to create today's landmasses
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what are earth's ten plates
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pacific, north american, nazca, south american, african, arabian, eurasian, indian, australian, antartic
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taxonomy
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study of identifying, naming and classifying organisms
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three shapes of viruses
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helical, icosahedral, filovirus
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lytic cycle
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virus invades cell, uses machinery to make superlots of copies, cell bursts because there's too many virions
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lysogenic cycle
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virus invades cell, uses machinery to produce copies; virions leave one at a time and don't immediately die. it dies after a long period. it better get used to it because it's going to. everybody dies. eventually. <laughs>
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reverse transcription
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retrovirus like HIV invades a cell, makes dna strand of its rna strand with enzyme called reverse transcriptase. viral dna then enters as a provirus strand. when cell attempts to create new proteins by changing dna back to rna, it mistakenly takes the rna data and sends it out as rna, infecting more cells
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what produced our oxygen?
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prokaryotes
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what is important about fossils?
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can be traced backward and placed chronologically
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relative dating
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using the fossil record to date organisms; not accurate because it depends on estimations of other organism's age
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radioactive dating
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uses radioactive isotopes found in fossils to give specific dates; extremely accurate because its math and "math is concrete" because people are retarded and like numbers
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carbon 14
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radioactive isotope found in virtually every living thing, can be measured for radioactive dating
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geologic time scale
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world wide sequence of three eons divided further into eras, periods, and epochs
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what causes mass extinctions
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earth's epic fails
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mass extinction
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many species die
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continental drift
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shitfting of pangea due to plate tectonics to create today's landmasses
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what are earth's ten plates
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pacific, north american, nazca, south american, african, arabian, eurasian, indian, australian, antartic
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taxonomy
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study of identifying, naming and classifying organisms
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three shapes of viruses
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helical, icosahedral, filovirus
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lytic cycle
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virus invades cell, uses machinery to make superlots of copies, cell bursts because there's too many virions
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lysogenic cycle
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virus invades cell, uses machinery to produce copies; virions leave one at a time and don't immediately die. it dies after a long period. it better get used to it because it's going to. everybody dies. eventually. <laughs>
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reverse transcription
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retrovirus like HIV invades a cell, makes dna strand of its rna strand with enzyme called reverse transcriptase. viral dna then enters as a provirus strand. when cell attempts to create new proteins by changing dna back to rna, it mistakenly takes the rna data and sends it out as rna, infecting more cells
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morphological species concept
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defines species as organims with measurable anatomical similarites
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phylogenetic species concept
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defines species as organisms with similar DNA sequencing
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classification groups
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kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
or King Philip Can't Operate his Family's Generator Singlehandedly. wimp |
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what are the six kingdoms
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fungi, protists, archaea, eubacteria, plantae, animalia
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fungi
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multi-cellular decomposers ie mushrooms
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protists
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water-based prokaryotes, single celled and simplistic, ie algae
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archaea
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prokaryote like extremophiles. in case you were one of the four people who saw journey into amazing caves.
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eubacteria
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prokaryotes that can survive almost anywhere
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plantae
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plants(!) multicellular, often green, made less intimidating by googly eyes
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binary fission
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cell duplicated genetic material, elongates, splits
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