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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pollination |
The process by which pollen is transferred from ANTHER to STIGMA |
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Fertilization |
The fusion of a male gamete with a female inside the ovule (forms a zygote) |
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Seed Dispersal |
The movement/transport of seeds away from the plant |
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The seed |
A protective structure for the embryo |
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Growth (determinate and indeterminate) |
determinate- growth stops when a certain size is reached and structure is fully formed indeterminate- cells continue to divide |
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Totipotent cells (Meristematic cells) |
Have the capacity to generate whole plants |
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Meristems |
-Regions of plant growth -undifferentiated cells -undergo cell division 24/7 -repeatedly go through cell cycle |
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Primary Meristems= Apical Meristems (root and shoot) |
Root apical- responsible for root growth Shoot apical- responsible for growth at the tip of the stem and development of leaves and flowers |
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Secondary Meristems- Lateral Meristems |
Make plants grow Laterally |
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Apical Meristems |
Produce new cells which differentiate into 3 different embryonic tissue |
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What do -Protoderm -Procambium & -Ground Meristems form? |
Protoderm- epidermal tissues Procambium- vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) Ground Meristem- Pith |
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3 Plant Hormones and their Functions: |
Auxins- growth of roots, development of leaves and fruits Cytokinins-promotes auxillary bud growth Gibberellins- contribute to stem elongation |
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IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) |
-controls growth in the shoot apex, promotes elongation -Auxin Class Hormone |
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Apical Dominance |
Main Stem is dominant over other side stems |
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Tropisms (+both types) |
Directional growth responses to external stimuli Phototropisms- stimuli=light Gravitropism- stimuli= gravity |
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Auxin efflux pumps |
Transport auxin from side with brighter light to the more shaded side |
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Genomics |
Improved our understanding of the role of plant hormones |
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Phototropism (How it works) |
1.) Absorption of wavelength of light 2.) Change in phototropins 3.) Phototropins bind to receptors and control PIN3 proteins 4.) PIN3 transport auxin where growth is needed |
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Gravitropism (How it works) |
1.) Statoliths accumulate on the lower side in response to gravity 2.) PIN3 transports auxin to the bottom 3.)Top cells elongate at a higher rate 4.)Root bends downwards |
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Vegetative and Reproductive structures |
Vegetative- roots,stems and leaves Reproductive- flowers |
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What triggers the reproductive phase? What is the reproductive phase? |
-triggered by temperature and dark period - when meristems start to produce flowers instead of leaves |
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Long-day Plants |
Bloom when days are longest (midsummer) ex: spinach |
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Short-day Plants |
Bloom in spring/late summer when days are shortest ex: chrysanthemums |
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Day-neutral Plants |
flower without regard to day length ex: roses |
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Phytochrome |
A pigment in leaves that plants use to detect light (Pr and Pfr) |
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Pr and Pfr |
PR-inactive form, more stable PFR-Active form |
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Conversion of Pfr back to Pr allows: |
The slow conversion of PFR back to PR allows the plant dark period time |
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Receptor proteins |
are present in the cytoplasm to which PFR binds |
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Flowering in Long-day Plants |
Large amounts of PFR at the end of short nights bind to receptors and promote genes needed for flowering |
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Flowering in Short-day Plants |
Little amount of PFR remains at the end of long nights, inhibition fails, plant flowers |
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How to induce plants to flower out of season: |
Manipulate the length of light and dark (day and night) |
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Sepals |
protect the developing flower |
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Petals |
colorful to attract pollinators |
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Anther |
produces pollen (male sex cells) |
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Ovary |
where female sex cells develop |
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Filament |
stalk of stamen that holds up the anther |
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Stigma |
sticky top of carpel on which pollen lands |
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Style |
Supports the stigma |
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Complete Flowers |
Contain sepals, petals, stamen and carpel |
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Incomplete flowers |
Lack something (sepals/ petals/stamen/carpel) |
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Carpellate flowers |
Have only carpels |
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Staminate flowers |
Have only stamens |
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Seed dispersal methods |
-Dry- explosive (ex:lupin) -Fleshy- animals -Feather or Winged- wind(ex:sycamore) -Convered in Hooks- fur coat(ex:avens) -By Water (coconut) |
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Pollen Vectors |
Wind,Water,Animals,Insects,Birds,Bats |
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Means of Attraction for Pollinators |
Red-Birds Yellow/Orange-Bees Heavily Scented- Nocturnal animals |
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Self Pollination |
Pollen from the anther of the same plant falls onto its own stigma |
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Cross Pollination |
Pollen is carried from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another |
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Mutualism |
Pollinators gain food and the plant gains a means to transfer pollen to another plant |
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Fertilized ovule |
develops into a seed and the ovary around it matures into a fruit |
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Cotyledons |
Contain the food reserves of the seen (endosperm- food reserves) |
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Testa |
Tough, protective outer coat |
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Micropyle |
Opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule |
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Embryo root and shoot |
Become plant when germination occurs |
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Seed Germination Steps |
1.) Dehydration 2.)Dormancy period 3.) Seed can be dispersed 4.) Germination |
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Conditions for the Development of a Seed |
-water -oxygen -appropriate temperature |
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Gibberellin role in Seed Germination |
-Stimulates mitosis and cell division in the embryo |
