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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a bond?
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A unique relationship between two people that endures time
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What is bonding?
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A tie between parent and infant
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What is attachment?
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-the tie between infant to parent
-the feelings that bind one person to another in either direction |
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Studies have shown that absence of loving, care taking, and affection results in what?
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-↓↓ infant growth
-↑ infant death |
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What are some attempts of forced newborn bonding?
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-Early 1970s: Family-centered care in early 1970s in delivery room and in NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit)
-1980s: rooming in of infant with mom |
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What are the benefits of a vaginal delivery?
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-Vaginal delivery stimulates infant to prepare her/him to adjust to aerobic environment
-Also squeezes fluid out of infants's lungs |
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What are some more benefits of a vaginal delivery for the infant?
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-The fetus produces high levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine
-stimulates the cardiovascular system -facilitates immediate adjustment to the aerobic environment |
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What do beta-endorphins do and when are they present?
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After a vaginal delivery, fetus and mom both produce these endorphins and facilitates attachment of infant to parents
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What does a cesarian-section delivery result in?
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-More fluid in babies' lungs
-Lower levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and beta-endorphins in baby's blood |
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What are some results of having an epidural?
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→ ↓ endogenous beta endorphin levels in mother
→ ↓ ability of mother to bond to infant → ↓ endogenous beta-endorphin levels in mother → ↑ incidence of post-partum depression → ↑ incidence of depression in mothers at six months |
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What are the mother's levels of oxytocin immediately after birth?
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10 mcg/dl
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What are the affects of oxytocin?
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-When infant touches & massages mom’s nipple with
her/his hand → ↑ mothers oxytocin. -When infant suckles nipple: → ↑↑ mothers oxytocin level → facilitates bonding/attachment between infant and mother -also → ↑ milk ejection from nipple also → ↓ post-partum bleeding in the mother |
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How can we increase progression of labor and endogenous production of oxytocin?
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Massage mother's nipple
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What is the Quiet Alert State?
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Forty minutes out of first hour of life, babies are in a quiet alert state During this time, babies rarely move and their eyes are wide open and (if given the opportunity) they look directly at the mother or father and their tiny hands may touch the parents skin. In this state, motor activity is minimal and baby’s energy is focused on seeing, hearing, responding, and deepening its level of bonding and attachment to its parents. During first week of life about 10 % of each 24 hour day, the baby is in receptive quiet alert state.
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Where is the baby immediately after delivery?
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Standard hospital practices have been to separate baby from mother very soon after delivery to examine, weigh, bath, give Vitamin K injection,
apply eye ointment, and draw blood glucose from the baby. The baby and the mom would often not be reunited until hours after the delivery. Unfortunately, this prevents the baby from being with the mother during this important period shortly after birth. |
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Location of baby immediately after delivery (continued..)
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Immediately after delivery baby should be dried off with a soft warm towel and immediately placed on the mothers abdomen & chest for skin to skin contact. When the baby is dried it is best to not use soap and water, as studies have shown that the smell of amniotic fluid sooths the newborn. The mothers soft warm skin and her caressing hands are soothing & comforting for baby. The mothers body provides heat for the baby as well and warms up the baby faster than an incubator.
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Location of baby immediately after delivery (continued..2)
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If given the opportunity, the baby will typically spontaneously touch, smell, lick, and latch onto breast by her/his own efforts & start breast feeding in early minutes of life. Early breastfeeding behavior can be disturbed by labor analgesia and/ c-section
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Location of baby immediately after delivery (continued..3)
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Women who are able to nipple newborn in the first hour of life have:
• have easier time breast feeding • breast feed more frequently • breast feed more months of babies life |
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What is primary sex ratio?
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Ratio of male to female conceptions
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What is secondary sex ratio?
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Ratio of male to female births
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What can happen to male/female fetuses if the mother is stressed?
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• Generally, more maternal stress leads to a lower ratio of male to female births
• When pregnant mother is stressed, she is more likely to have a spontaneous abortion or a miscarriage if the fetus is male versus female |
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Are males or females more vulnerable to stress?
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Males
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Do European or African American infants have a higher survival rate?
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African American infants
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Is cow's milk designed for human babies?
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No
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What happens to most of the beneficial peptides, hormones, and immunoglobulins in cow milk?
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Broken down during pasteurization
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What are the pros of human breast milk?
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• Fresh & readily available at optimal temperature
• Has not been pasteurized and thus the peptides and immunoglobulins have not been broken down • No time needed for preparation • Free of contaminating bacteria that cause diarrhea (especially important in developing countries where un-boiled water may be used to prepare cows formula) |
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What hormone does nippling stimulate to suppress ovulation?
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prolactin
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At least how many times a day do lactating mothers need to breast feed their infants to suppress ovulation?
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10 times a day
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Is breastfeeding 6 times a day enough to suppress ovulation?
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No
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What are some components of breast milk?
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-Carbohydrates
-Fats -Growth Factors -Hormones -Immunoglobulins/antibodies -Minerals -Neuropeptides -Protein -Vitamins |
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What is a hormone?
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substances formed in one organ or part of the body and carried in the blood to another organ or part of the body
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What are growth factors?
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substances that increase endothelial cell, collagen, and smooth muscle development
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What are neuropeptides?
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peptides found in brain tissue e.g., endorphins, enkephalins
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What acts as a rich source of hormones and growth factors that regulates the growth and differentiation of the embryo and fetus?
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The placenta
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What takes the role of the placenta in continuing to provide human growth factors and hormones that are essential for optimal growth and development?
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The breasts
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Are beneficial hormones from the mother's blood concentrated in breast milk?
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Yes
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Do human breast tissues also produce neuropeptides and hormones?
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Yes
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What is colostrum?
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Colostrom is a yellowish fluid that breasts secrete for 2-4 days after delivery. It is rich in:
-Hormones and growth factors -Protein -Minerals -Immunoglobulins |
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When does the breast milk become mature breast milk?
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Week 3-4
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Where can melatonin, thyroid hormones, oxytocin, and endorphins be found?
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Breast milk
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What does melatonin do?
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Helps establish circadian rhythms
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What do thyroid hormones do?
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May alleviate congenital hyperthyroidism
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What does oxytocin do?
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Helps facilitate loving bond between mother and infant
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What are endorphins and what do they do?
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Endorphins are neuropeptides that help facilitate the loving bond between mother and infant
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What does mamotrope differentiating hormone do?
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appears to foster maturation of cells of pituitary gland which supplies hormones to the body
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T or F, there are insulin-like growth factors in human breast milk.
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True
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What do the neuropeptides and growth factors do?
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both enhance development of brain, liver, intestines, pancreas & other organs
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What happens to the surface area of intestines in breast feeding infants and lactating mothers?
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Increased
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What is leptin and is it in breast milk?
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• Hormone thought to control obesity in humans
• Present in human breast milk • May help set the stage for weight regulation in childhood and later in life • Cow’s formula fed babies have higher rates of obesity as children & adults |
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Are GnRH levels higher in human milk or mother's blood?
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Human milk
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What generates GnRH in nursing mothers?
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Mother's breast tissues
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T/F, GnRH influences the development of newborns' sex organs
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True
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T/F, GnRH may influence brain regions that effect sexual behavior.
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True
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What do omega 3 fatty acids support?
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Enhances neurological and visual development in infants (especially premature infants)
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Are there more omega 3 fatty acids in human milk or cow milk?
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Human milk
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At 10 months, how was the problem solving ability of an infant who received omega 3 fatty acids versus one who did not?
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Better problem solving ability
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How was the motor and cognitive performance and vision at one year of life for premature babies on formula fortified with omega 3 fatty acids?
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Better than those without it
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Does omega 3 fatty acid promote better eye sight at 3 years of age?
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Yes
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Babies fed with cow's milk formula are at increased risk for what?
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• Allergies
• Atopic dermatitis/Eczema • Increased risk for intestinal disturbances & feeding difficulties – diarrhea – intestinal bleeding – colic – spitting up milk |
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T/F, breast fed infants have an higher IQ and better brain development compared to cow’s milk formula fed infants.
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True
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T/F, Research in the USA, Canada, Europe, and other developed countries, among
predominantly middle-class populations indicates that human breast milk increases the incidence and severity of numerous diseases. |
False
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What does the consumption of breast milk reduce the risk of?
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– sudden infant death syndrome
– allergic diseases e.g., eczema (atopic dermatitis) – insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus – inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease & ulcerative colitis) – chronic digestive diseases – lymphoma |
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Breast feeding gives infants a stronger immune system
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True
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Breast milk consumption in infants reduces the risk of what diseases?
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– diarrhea
– lower respiratory infection e.g., pneumonia – otitis media – bacteremia (bacterial infection of blood) – bacterial meningitis – botulism – urinary tract infection – necrotizing enterocolitis |
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Do substances in human breast milk inhibit or promote the growth of protozoans?
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Inhibit
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What do bile salt stimulated lipase do?
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Kills giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica
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What viruses do breast milk inhibit?
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– rotavirus
– polio – influenza –mumps – influenza – vaccinia – Japanese B encephalitis |
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How does glycoprotein in lactoadherin in human breast milk inhibit rotavirus?
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binds to rotavirus and inhibits its replication
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What is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants?
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Rotavirus
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Stool pH is lower in breast milk fed babies. Why is this beneficial?
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Inhibits bacterial growth
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What does the intestinal flora in breast milk fed babies inhibit?
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Inhibits the growth of some strains of E. Coli
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What are some benefits of the xanthine oxidases in breast milk?
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→ nitric oxide production
→ inhibits growth of Escherichia coli & Salmonella enteritides |
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What is the predominant immunoglobulin in breast milk?
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IgA
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What does immunoglobulin A do?
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prevents bacterial adherence to
epithelial cell surfaces – specific IgA antibodies against Escherichia coli – breast fed babies are less prone to bacterial & viral intestinal infections |
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Where can interleukin-6 be found? What's its role?
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Found in colostrum and it stimulates increase in mononuclear macrophage cells in breast milk
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What do macrophages in breast milk synthesize?
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– complement
– lysozyme – lactoferrin (iron binding whey protein) (lactoferrin inhibits growth of Escherichia coli in intestine) |
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What are the benefits of the T and B lymphocytes in breast milk?
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Transfers T lymphocyte immunity --> protection against tuberculosis
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What are the 3 main causes of infant mortality in tropical countries?
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• Diarrhea & dehydration
• Lung infections (pneumonia, bronchiolitis) • Malaria |
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What is the largest single contributor to increased infant survival rates in the USA in the first half of the 20th century?
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Implementation of enhanced hygiene with microbiologically clean water made available through the population
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What also helped infant survival rates?
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Enhanced maternal-child nutrition, development of penicillin, other anti bacterials, and immunizations also contributed but to a much lesser degree than simple clean water
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What are some emerging problems with maternal child health in USA?
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• Obesity in mothers increased risk of pregnancy
• Obesity in children has increased dramatically over the past 20 years • Associated with obesity are higher rates of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease |
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Facts on how to provide good infant/child health.
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• Good maternal nutrition
• Maintain normal maternal weight before, during, and after delivery (underweight moms and overweight moms increase risks for fetus and infant) • Breast feed at least 2 years • Loving caretakers • Access to clean water • Access to clean air • Diet rich in vegetables and fruits • Diet rich in beta-carotene rich food • Family access to land to grow kitchen garden |
