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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the primary of diabetes mellitus?
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Primary sign is persistent hyperglycemia
- reduced glucose uptake and utilization - increased glucose output by liver due to increased gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and reduced glycogen synthesis - glucagon secretion is often elevated because glucose permeability of pancreatic alpha cells is insulin dependent |
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what is the [glucose] of euglycemia?
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70 - 110 mg/dL
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what is the [glucose] of hyperglycemia?
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> 140 mg/dL
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what is the [glucose] of hypoglycemia?
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< 60 mg/dL
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which ethnicities have the highest diabetes prevalence?
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Asians and Pacific Islanders
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What is type 1 diabetes?
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- Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
- Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune response - Insulin secretion is reduced or absent due to reduced beta cells |
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- reduced [insulin] is the major cause of what metabolic state?
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postabsorptive state
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what are the metabolic abnormalities of IDDM?
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- hyperlipidemia from overstimulation of lipolysis and suppression of triglyceride synthesis
- ketosis from excess utilization of fatty acids for energy - excessive protein catabolism due to decreased protein synthesis |
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when are keto acids formed from acetyl CoA?
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When lack of OAA slows the Krebs cycle
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What are the consequences of elevated blood glucose in terms of urine?
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- glucosuria (presence of glucose in urine)
- excessive urine output (osmotice forces) - water loss can lead to dehydration, loss of electrolytes |
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What are the chronic complications of diabetes?
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- Vascular degeneration
- reduced blood flow to extremities predisposes diabetics to infection and delayed wound repair |
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what are the treatment of type 1 diabetes?
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- insulin injections
- alternative insulin delivery |
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What is type 2 diabetes?
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- non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- primary deficit is reduction of target cells responsiveness to insulin - insulin secretion is typically normal at first but declines later |
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how does obesity induce insulin resistance esp in muscle and adipose cells?
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- overeating may cause increased insulin secretion, which may trigger down-regulation of insulin receptors, which would cause lower responsiveness
- excess fat deposition outside adipose tissue may cause decreased insulin sensitivity |
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What are th treatment options to type 2 diabetes?
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- weight reduction
- exercise - drugs to lower plasma [glucose] |
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according do researcher, how may diet and exercise help reduce the risk of diabetes?
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improving the body's ability to use insulin and process glucose
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What is IFG?
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- impaired fasting glucose
- condition in which the blood glucose level is 100 to 125 mg/dL after an overnight fast |
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What is IGT?
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- impaired glucose tolerance
- IGT is a condition in which the blood glucose level is 140 to 199 mg/dL after a 2 hour oral glucose tolerance fast |
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What is the BMI associated with obesity?
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30 or higher
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BMI of overweight?
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25-29.9
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what are the three putative control signals?
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- leptin
- neuropeptide y - ghrelin |
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what is leptin?
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hormone synthesized by adipose cells and released from cells in proportion to the amount of fat in the tissue
- effect is to decrease food intake and increase metabolic rate |
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what is neuropeptide y?
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hypothalamic neurotransmitter that stimulates eating
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What is ghrelin?
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peptide released from stomach endocrine cells that increases growth hormone release from pituitary.
increases NPY and thus hunger |
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how are leptin levels in the obese?
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they tend to have high leptin levels and generally not leptin resistant
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if the obese have high leptin levels and not resistant, why are they still fat?
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control of food intake is complex with many other inputs
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