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97 Cards in this Set
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camphor |
Cinnamomum camphor Asia Agonist at cold-activated ion channel pain pathway |
Peripheral nervous system Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients |
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eucalyptus eucalyptus oil |
Eucalyptus globulus Australia Agonist at cold-activated ion channel pain pathway Treats upper respiratory infection and asthma |
Peripheral nervous system Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients respiratory diseases |
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Clove oil |
Syzygium aromaticum Asia Agonist at heat-activated ion channel pain pathway |
Peripheral nervous system Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients |
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capsaicin |
Capsicum annuum & C. frutescens Tropical America Agonist at capsaicin receptor, a heat-activated ion channel pain pathway analgesic for arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias, stimulant, antimicrobial, puritis (skin itching) |
Peripheral nervous system Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients analgesics & anti-inflammatories Topical Skin Remedies |
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methyl salicylate |
Gaultheria procumbens Eastern USA Inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis |
Peripheral nervous system Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients |
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cocaine and derivatives procaine, tetracaine, & lidocaine |
Erythroxylum coca South American Andes Mtns Local blockade of nerve impulses |
Peripheral nervous system analgesics & anti-inflammatories |
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acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), salicylic acid |
Filipendula ulmaria Europe Inflammation, pain, fever Inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis reduces platelet hemostasis (acetylsalicylic acid) Analgesic/ rubefacient (salicylic acid) |
Peripheral nervous system analgesics & anti-inflammatories Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients |
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salicin, saligenin, salicylic acid |
Salix alba Europe Inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis antirheumatic, analgesic salicylic acid: keratolytic for warts and eczema |
Peripheral nervous system analgesics & anti-inflammatories |
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hydroxychloroquine quinidine quinine,quinidine& derivatives chloroquine & mefloquine |
Cinchona officinalis South America anti-inflammatory to treat rheumatoid arthritis (hydroxychloroquine) Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias (quinidine) Anti-plasmodial and treats malaria (ALL) |
Peripheral nervous system analgesics & anti-inflammatories Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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harpagoside |
Harpagophytum procumbens Southern Africa anti-inflammatory to treat lower back pain, hip pain, and knee pain |
Peripheral nervous system analgesics & anti-inflammatories |
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aloe |
Aloe vera Arabia Burn treatment |
Topical Skin Remedies |
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witch hazel ointment |
Hamamelis virginiana Eastern USA Hemorrhoids, varicose veins, |
Topical Skin Remedies |
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arnica |
Arnica montana & A. fulgans Europe & North America Skin inflammation, blunt injures |
Topical Skin Remedies |
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calendula |
Calendula officinalis Europe Skin inflammation, skin infections, wound healing |
Topical Skin Remedies |
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oats oat bran |
Avena sativa Europe Anti-itch (oats) Binds lipids in GI tract & reduces lipid absorption (oat bran) |
Topical Skin Remedies (oats) Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease (oat bran) |
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papain, chymopapain |
Carica papaya Tropical America Protease enzyme debrides necrotic wound tissue; enhances digestion |
Topical Skin Remedies |
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bromelain |
Ananas comosus South America Protease enzyme debrides necrotic wound tissue; enhances digestion |
Topical Skin Remedies |
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diosgenin as precursor to progesterone, glucocorticoids, estrogens, & androgens |
Dioscorea mexicana Mexico Glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory; Blocks cytokine production. Inhibits phospholipids conversion to arachidonic acid which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis Glucocorticoids: Anti-inflammatory used to treat asthma progesterone as oral contraceptives by preventing estrogen surge; estrogen to prevent osteoporosis fish poison |
Peripheral nervous system analgesics & anti-inflammatories (glucocorticoids) Endocrine remedies |
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gossypol |
Gossypium spp. China Male contraceptive by inhibiting sperm formation |
Endocrine remedies |
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saw palmetto |
Serenoa repens Southeast USA Treats benign prostatic hypertrophy by inhibiting 5-alpha reductase enzyme which results in less dihydrotestosterone |
Endocrine remedies |
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chasteberry |
Vitex agnus-castus Europe Treats premenstrual stress syndrome and reduces sexual desire by stimulating gonadotropic releasing hormone and LH |
Endocrine remedies |
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evening primrose |
Oenothera biennis Europe Treats premenstrual stress syndrome and menopausal hot flashes |
Endocrine remedies |
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black cohosh |
Cimicifuga racemosa North America Treats premenstrual stress syndrome and menopausal hot flashes |
Endocrine remedies |
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ginseng |
Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolius Korea & China/Eastern North America General tonic;improves metabolic functions; aphrodisiac tx upper respiratory viruses |
Endocrine remedies Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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rubber latex |
Hevea brasiliensis South America Condoms to prevent pregnancy and STIs and rubber gloves to prevent transmission of blood born infections |
Endocrine remedies |
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soapwort |
Saponaria officinalis Europe galactogogue |
Endocrine remedies |
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fenugreek |
Trigonella foenum-graecum Europe galactogogue |
Endocrine remedies |
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metformin extracted from phenformin |
Galega officinalis Europe Reduction of insulin resistance |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus |
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masoprocol from leaves |
Larrea tridentata SW North America Reduction of insulin resistance |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus |
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bitter melon |
Mormordica charantia. Asia Reduction of insulin resistance |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus |
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coffee |
Coffea arabica NE Africa Reduction of insulin resistance Reduces development of liver cirrhosis and gall bladder disease |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Infectious disease remedies: immunomodulators & liver tonics |
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bitter leaf |
Vernonia amygdala Africa Reduction of insulin resistance Anti-plasmodial and treats malaria |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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nopale, prickly pear |
Opuntia basileris North America Reduces sugar absorption by intestine |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus |
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noni, nono |
Morinda citrifolia SE Asia Type 2 Diabetes mellitus |
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus |
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Omega-3-fatty acids |
flaxseed oil (Europe) walnut oil (Europe) hemp oil (Asia) salmon oil anti-inflammatory & reduce cardiovascular disease |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease |
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Monounsaturated oils |
Olive oil Canola oil Peanut oil Avocado oil Sesame oil Almond oil reduce cardiovascular disease |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease |
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Flavonoids in tea theophylline |
Camellia sinensis China Antioxidant and reduces LDL oxidation Theophylline: treats asthma |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease Respiratory diseases |
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chocolate |
Theobroma cocoa South America Antioxidant and reduces LDL oxidation |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease |
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Lycopene from tomato paste |
Lycopersicum esculenta, Solanum esculenta South America Antioxidant reduces risk of developing prostate CA |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease Cancer remedies |
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Genistein isoflavone |
Glycine max (soy beans) China reduce cardiovascular disease Binds weakly to type II estrogen binding sites and outcompetes stronger estrogens resulting in a reduction in receptor stimulation and reduces risk for breast, uterine, and prostate cancers |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease Cancer remedies |
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coumadin derived from dicoumarol |
Melilotus officinalis (sweet clover) Europe anticoagulant Antagonizes vitamin K and inhibits prothrombin in the liver |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease |
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catechin |
Potentilla fragariodes (cinquefoil) hemostatic |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease |
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garlic |
Allium sativum Eurasia lowers lipids antimicrobial |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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Sitostanol (benecol) |
Pinus spp. (pine) Europe lowers cholesterol |
Cardiovascular remedies which reduce coronary artery disease |
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digoxin & digitoxin |
Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea (foxglove) Europe Inhibition of α subunit of Na,K-ATPase causing increase in cytosolic Ca+ to tx congestive heart failure |
Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias |
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ouabain |
Strophanthus gratus Africa Inhibition of α subunit of Na,K-ATPase causing increase in cytosolic Ca+ to tx CHF increase force of cardiac muscle contractions |
Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias |
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cardiac glycosides |
Nerium oleander Mediterranean increases cytosolic Ca+ to tx congestive heart failure |
Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias |
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lidocaine, procainamide, tocainide |
Erythroxylum coca South America block cardiac Na+ channels to slow conduction and treat tachyarrhythmias |
Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias |
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verapamil derived from papaverine Papaverine codeine, noscapine, & dextromethorphan tincture/paregoric of opium loperamide |
Papaver somniferum SE Europe block cardiac Ca+ channels to slow conduction and treat tachyarrhythmias treat HTN Dilates blood vessels to treat impotence (papaverine) Treats cough (codeine, noscapine, dextromethrophan) Used to tx diarrhea by following mechanisms (opium loperamide): decreases propulsive contractions in small intestine; decreases propulsive peristalic waves in large intestine; decreases gastric, biliary, pancreatic, & intestinal secretions |
Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias angina pectoris & HTN respiratory diseases gastrointestinal diseases |
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atropine ipatropium derived from atropine |
Atropa belladonna Europe blocks cholinergic receptors to treat bradycardia (atropine) works as an antispasmodic to tx diarrhea (atropine) tx asthma (ipatropium) |
Cardiovascular remedies CHF & arrhythmias Respiratory remedies Gastrointestinal diseases |
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hawthone berry or flower extract |
Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, C. oxyacantha, Europe dilation of coronary arteries to treat angina pectoris |
Cardiovascular remedies angina pectoris & HTN |
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Fruit extracts cromolyn derived from visnagan |
Ammi visnaga Europe dilation of coronary arteries to treat angina pectoris cromolyn: Prevents degranulation of pulmonary mast cells which prevents release of histamine and is used to treat asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis |
Cardiovascular remedies angina pectoris & HTN Respiratory remedies |
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metaprolol & atenolol derived from ephedrine albuterol derived from ephedrine pseudoephedrine |
Ephedra sinica China Adrenergic blocker at Beta 1 receptors to treat HTN (metaprolol & atenolol) Selective adrenergic beta 2 receptor agonist to cause bronchodilation treat asthma (albuterol) Agonist on alpha 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors and is used as a decongestant to treat nasal and upper respiratory congestion (pseudoephedrine) |
Cardiovascular remedies angina pectoris & HTN Respiratory remedies |
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deserpidine derived from reserpine reserpine |
Rauvolfia serpentina (reserpine), Rauvolfia canescens (deserpidine) India tranquilizer, antihypertensive Reduces norepinephrine levels in synapse by damaging storage vesicles in nerve terminus |
Cardiovascular remedies angina pectoris & HTN |
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Dark chocolate & theobromine pentoxifylline derived from theobromine |
Theobroma cacao South America dilation of coronary arteries to treat angina pectoris (theobromine) Smooth muscle relaxant to treat HTN (theobromine and drk chocolate) Smooth muscle relaxant to dilate blood vessels to treat peripheral vascular disease (pentoxiphylline) |
Cardiovascular remedies angina pectoris & HTN Cardiovascular remedies for migraine, peripheral vascular disease, impotence |
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caffeine + ergotamine |
Caffeine: Coffee robusta Camellia sinensis Theobroma cacao Ilex paraguariensis ergotamine: Claviceps purpurea Treats migraine headaches Caffeine: Treats apnea in premature infants |
Cardiovascular remedies for migraine, peripheral vascular disease, impotence Respiratory diseases |
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feverfew inflorecence |
Tanacetum parthenium Europe Treats migraine headaches and fever |
Cardiovascular remedies for migraine, peripheral vascular disease, impotence |
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aescin and horse chestnut seed extract |
Aesculus hippocastanum Europe Inhibits capillary permeability to protein to tx varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency |
Cardiovascular remedies for migraine, peripheral vascular disease, impotence |
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yohimbine |
Pausinystalia johimbe West Africa Adrenergic blocker at alpha 1 receptors to treat impotence and use as an aphrodisiac |
Cardiovascular remedies for migraine, peripheral vascular disease, impotence |
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colchicum colchicine |
Colchicum autumnale Europe gout, pain, inflammation Disorganizes spindle mechanism at mitosis and treats tumors and gout |
Cancer remedies |
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etoposide, teniposide podophyllum resin from rhizome, podophyllotoxin |
Podophyllum peltatum & P. hexandrum (May apple) Eastern North America, Himalayas Blocks G1 phase of mitosis and tx testicular CA, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (etoposide, teniposide) Binds microtubules causing mitotic arrest in metaphase to tx condylomata acuminata (podophyllum, podophyllotoxin) |
Cancer remedies |
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vincristine, vinblastine |
Catharanthus roseus Madagascar Binds protein tubulin causing mitotic arrest in metaphase to tx acute childhood leukemia, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas |
Cancer remedies |
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paclitaxel (taxol), docetaxel (taxotere) |
Taxus brevifolia NW North America antimicrotubule & antimitotic to tx metastatic ovarian and breast cancer |
Cancer remedies |
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European mistletoe |
Viscum album Europe Tx breast cancer and joint inflammation |
Cancer remedies |
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phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables |
Reduces risk of developing cancer |
Cancer remedies |
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lignans in seed wall |
Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) Europe Reduces risk for breast cancer weaker estrogenic qualities than endogenous estrogens |
Cancer remedies |
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cassava root, thiocyanate, cyanate |
Manihot esculenta South America Anti-plasmodial and treats malaria |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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artemisinin, artemether, artesunate |
Artemisia annua China Anti-plasmodial and treats malaria |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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berberine, bark extract |
Berberis vulgaris, B. aquafolium Europe, NW N. America Antimicrobial and tx - bacillary dysentery - Entamoeba histolytica - Giardia lamblia diarrhea - cholera - AIDS related diarrhea |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies Gastrointestinal diseases |
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cinnamon, cinnamon bark |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Asia Antimicrobial again Helicobacter pylori and tx gastric & duodenal ulcers Reduction of insulin resistance Treats nausea and stomache discomfort |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies Type 2 Diabetes mellitus Gastrointestinal diseases |
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hydrastine & rhizome |
Hydrastis canadensis Eastern North America antiinfective & strengthens mucosal membranes in upper respiratory tract |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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ginger |
Zingiber officinalis Asia tx upper respiratory viruses Treats nausea |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies Gastrointestinal remedies |
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Elderberry fruit & flower extracts |
Sambucus nigra Europe, Near East tx upper respiratory viruses |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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tamiflu molecule |
Illicium verum China Tx avian influenza |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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thymol |
Thymus vulgaris Europe antibacterial & antifungal expectorant, bronchial antispasmodic |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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leaf extract Senna alata |
Trop. America antifungal |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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pyrethrums, pyrethrines, permethrins |
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Europe insect repellant |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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neem extract |
Azadirachta indica India insect repellant |
Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
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plant extract Echinacea spp. |
Echinacea angustifolia (coneflower) E. purpurea (purple cone flower) E. pallida (narrow-leaved cone flower) North America (Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot) Treats respiratory and gastrointestinal infections as immunostimulant by - increase leukocytes - stimulate phagocytosis - increase cytokines in peripheral blood macrophages |
Infectious disease remedies: immunomodulators & liver tonics |
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root extract Astragalus |
China Prevents or slows progressive telomere shortening of immune cells which enables cells to function longer and is being developed to tx HIV and AIDS |
Infectious disease remedies: immunomodulators & liver tonics |
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Aerial part extract Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) |
S. America Amazon Basin Immunostimulant used to treat viral infections |
Infectious disease remedies: immunomodulators & liver tonics |
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Silymarin and fruits |
Silybum marianum Europe Protects liver against toxicity, hepatitis and has anecdotally been used as an antedote against Amanita liver poisoning |
Infectious disease remedies: immunomodulators & liver tonics |
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oregano leaf |
Origanum vulgare Europe Treats upper respiratory infection and rhinitis |
Respiratory remedies |
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leaf tea Urtica dioica |
Europe Allergic rhinitis |
Respiratory remedies |
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glaucine |
Glaucium flavum Europe Treats cough |
Respiratory remedies |
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bergenin |
Arsidia japonica Asia Treats cough, chronic bronchitis, antitussive |
Respiratory remedies |
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honey |
Treats cough |
Respiratory remedies |
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psyllium seeds & seed husks |
Plantago afra, P. ovata Europe Bulk forming laxative works in 1-3 days |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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seed/seed husks, sennosides A & B, danthron |
Senna alexandrina S. augustifolia Asia Stimulant laxative works in 6-8 hours |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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bark, anthraquinones |
Rhamnus purshianus West North America Stimulant laxative works in 6-8 hours |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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castor seed oil |
Ricinus communis Africa osmotic laxative works in 1-3 hours |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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peppermint oil menthol |
Mentha piperita Europe Reduces intestinal spasms and reduces intestinal fullness and is used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (peppermint oil) Agonist at cold-activated ion channel pain pathway (menthol) |
Gastrointestinal remedies Peripheral nervous system Tiger Balm analgesics / rubefacients |
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THC, cannabis |
Cannabis sativa Asia Treats nausea & vomiting and stimulates appetite |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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chamomile tea |
Matricaria recutita Europe Treats stomache discomfort |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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guava leaf tea |
Psidium guajava Trop. America Treats diarrhea |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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rice, rice water |
Oryza sativa Asia Antisecretory mechanism to tx diarrhea |
Gastrointestinal remedies |
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bark latex, crofelemer |
Croton lechleri (sangre de drago) S. America Antisecretory mechanism by inhibiting chloride ion secretion into the intestinal to tx diarrhea Bark: anti herpes wound healing, tuberculosis, pneumonia |
Gastrointestinal remedies Infectious disease antimicrobial remedies |
