Ib 117 Final Exam Flash Cards - Plants

Front 1

Erythroxylum coca

Back 1

Common name: Cocaine
Geography: Andes Mountains in S. America
Ethnomedical uses: leaves are chewed

derivatives: tetracaine, lidocaine, procaine
Active compounds: cocaine alkaloid
Mech. of action: inhibition of local norepinephrine re-uptake -> local vasoconstriction, local anesthetic - blockade of nerve impulses

Front 2

Filipendula ulmaria

Back 2

Common name: meadowsweet
Geography: Eurasia
Ethnomedical use: inflammation, pain, fever
Pharmaceuticals: salicylic acid (aspirin)

inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, reduces platelet homeostasis

Front 3

Salix alba (s. helix, S. pentandra, S. praecox, S. fragilis, S. purpurea)

Back 3

Common name: willow
Geography: Meditteranean, Eurasia
Ethnomedical use: analgesic, headache, anti-inflammatory, fever
Active compound - salicin -> salicylic acid when metabolized

inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Front 4

Aspirin mechanism of action

Back 4

1. blocks cyclooxygenase
2. decreases aconversion of arachidonic acid to endoperoxide
2. decreases formation of thrmoboxane A2
3. decreases prostaglandin synthesis
4. decreases inflammation

Front 5

Dioscorea spp (Dioscorea mexicana, Dioscorea composita)

Back 5

Common name: wild yam
Geography: Mexico
Ethnomedical use: anti-inflammatory, fish poisons, asthma

precursor of glucocorticoids

Blocks cytokine production>>>inhibits prostoglandin synthesis

Front 6

Cinchona officinalis

Back 6

Quinine tree

Geography: S. American rainforest
Therapeutic use: Rheumatoid arthritis
Chemical compound: hydroxychloroquine

anti-inflammatory, treat tachyarrhythmias, anti-malaria

agonist at TRPA-1 wasabi receptor

Front 7

Harpagophytum procumbens

Back 7

Geography: Southern Africa in Kalahari desert
Mechanism of action - anti-inflammatory
Therapeutic use - lower back pain, hip pain, and knee pain
active molecule - harpagoside

Front 8

Capsicum annuum

Back 8

Common name: Chile pepper, cayenne pepper
Geography: Tropical America
Ethnomedical use of fruit:
topically as analgesic for - arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias
orally as a stimulant and anti-microbial
active compound - capsaicin

TRPV-1 capsaicin receptor agonist

Front 9

capsicum frutescens

Back 9

Common name: Tabasco pepper
Geography: Tropical America
Ethnomedical use of fruit:
topically as analgesic for - arthritis, inflammation, neuralgias
orally as a stimulant and anti-microbial
active compound - capsaicin

Front 10

Syzygium aromaticum

Back 10

Common name: clove oil
Geography: Native to Asia
Mech. of action: clove oil stimulates capsaicin receptors
Medical use: used topically on skin as analgesic and is applied topically to gums to treat toothaches

Front 11

Berberis aquafolium

Back 11

Common name: Oregon Berry
Geography: Northwest USA
Therapeutic use: Psoriasis, AIDS, cholera, giardia

Front 12

Eucalyptus globulus

Back 12

Geography: Australia
Ethnomedical use: topically as analgesic
Phyomedicines - oil, cineole (eucalyptol)

Agonist at TRPM8 menthol pain receptor

asthma upper resp

Front 13

Aloe vera

Back 13

Common name: aloe
Geography:
vera - Southwest Arabia
spp - South, East, and North Africa, Arabia
Ethnomedical use: treat skin burns and skin infections

Front 14

Hamamelis virginiana

Back 14

Common name: witch hazel
Geography: eastern N. America
Ethnomedical/Therapeutic uses: topical application to treat bruises, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, aftershave

Front 15

Arnica montana

Back 15

Common name: arnica
Geography: N and C Europe
Ethnomedical/Therapeutic use: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism

Front 16

Arnica fulgans

Back 16

Common name: arnica
Geography: North America
Ethnomedical/Therapeutic use: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, bruises, blunt injuries, rheumatism

Front 17

Calendula officinalis

Back 17

Common name: Marigold, calendula
Geography: Mediterranean area
Therapeutic uses: topically applied to treat skin inflammation, skin infections, and for wound healing

Front 18

Avena sativa

Back 18

Common name: oats
Geography: Europe
Therapeutic use: topically to treat skin itching/puritis

Front 19

Carica papaya

Back 19

Common name: papaya
Geography: Tropical America
Mech. of action - protease enzymes help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing
Therapeutic use: topically applied to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing
taken orally to enhance digestion

Front 20

Ananas comosus

Back 20

Common name: pineapple, ananas
Geography: South America
Cultural origins: Tupi Indians in S. America
Mech. of action - protease enzymes help enzymatically digest protein and debride necrotic wound tissue and enhance wound healing
Therapeutic use: topically applied to debride necrotic tissue and enhance wound healing
take orally to treat digestion and enhance digestion

Front 21

Gossypium spp.

Back 21

Common name: Cotton
Geography: China
Ethnomedical use: birth control in males
Active compound: gossypol
Mech. of action: inhibits sperm formation
Modern medical use: male contraceptive

Front 22

Serenoa repens

Back 22

Common name: saw palmetto
Geography: Native to Florida
Ethnomedical use: fruits used by Native Americans to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy and as an aphrodisiac

Front 23

Vitex agnus-castus

Back 23

Common name: chasteberry
Geography: native to southern Europe
Mech. of action - stimulation of gonadotropic releasing hormone in hypothalamus and increases release of LH and progesterone; decreases estrogen level
Therapeutic uses: reduce sexual desire, pre-menstrual stress syndrome

Front 24

Oenothera biennis

Back 24

Common name: evening primose
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: pre-menstrual syndrome, menopausal hot flashes

Front 25

Panax ginseng

Back 25

Common name: ginseng
Geography: Korea, NE China
Ethnomedical use:
tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, and as an aphrodisiac, upper respiratory diseases

Front 26

panax quinquefolius

Back 26

Common name: ginseng
Geography: eastern N. America
Ethnomedical use:
tonic to enhance mood, physical performance, intellectual performance, improve metabolic functions, and as an aphrodisiac

Front 27

Cimicifuga racemosa

Back 27

Common name: black cohosh
Geography: N. America
Ethnomedical use: pre-menstrual syndrome and menopausal hot flashes

Front 28

Hevea brasiliensis

Back 28

Common name: para rubber
Geography: S. America
Cultural origins: multiple Amazonian indigenous groups
Ethnobotanical use: utensils
Mech. of action - mechanical protection
Modern medical uses: rubber surgical gloves, condoms

Front 29

Saponaria officinalis

Back 29

Common name: soapwort
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical use: galactogogue

Front 30

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Back 30

Common name: fenugreek
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical use: galactogogue

Front 31

Galega officinalis

Back 31

Common name: goat's rue
Geography: Europe to Iran
Ethnomedical use: Type 2 diabetes

reduction of insulin resistance

Front 32

Larrea divaricata/ tridentata

Back 32

Common names:
subsp. tridentata (creosote bush) - deserts of SW N. America
subsp. divaricata - deserts of S. America
Ethnomedical use: Type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, reduction of insulin resistance

Front 33

Momordica charantia

Back 33

Common name: bitter melon, bitter cucumber
Ethnomedical use: fruit taken orally to treat type 2 diabetes

Front 34

Vernonia amygdala

Back 34

Common name: bitter leaf

Africa
Uses; leaf eaten as food, tonic, and to treat type 2 diabetes, reduction of insulin resistance, malaria

Front 35

opuntia basileris, opuntia spp.

Back 35

Common names: prickly pear cactus, beaver tail, nopale
Geography: Mexico, SW USA
Ethnomedical use: pad-shaped stems taken orally by indigenous groups to treat type 2 diabetes
mech. of action - reduces sugar absorption by the intestine, reduction of insulin resistance

Front 36

Morinda citrifolia

Back 36

Common name: noni, nono
Geography: SE Asia
Ethnomedical use: fruit used to treat type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and is applied topically to treat skin boils, reduction of insulin resistance

Front 37

Ravenala madagascariensis

Back 37

Geography: W. Africa
treats type 2 diabetes

Front 38

annona senegalensis

Back 38

Geography: W. Africa
treats type 2 diabetes

Front 39

aframomum melegueta

Back 39

Common name: guinea peper
Geography: W. Africa
Use; treat type 2 diabetes

Front 40

anacardium occidentale

Back 40

Common name: cashew
Geography: S. America
Use: treat type 2 diabetes

Front 41

mangifera indica

Back 41

Common name: mango
Geography: Asia
Use: treat type 2 diabetes

Front 42

Camellia sinensis

Back 42

Common name: Tea
Use: tea drinkers have a lower risk of heart attacks than people who do not drink tea; anti-oxidant, reduction of insulin resistance

Front 43

Lycopersicum esculenta

Back 43

Common name: tomato

South America
Use: antioxidant

Front 44

Glycine max

Back 44

Common name: soybeans
Geography: China
Uses: phytoestrogenic effects on humans

reduce cardiovascular disease

Front 45

melilotus officinalis

Back 45

Common name: sweet clover
Goegraphy: Eurasia, naturalized in N. America
Ethnomedical uses: carminative, spasmolytic
Modern medical use: anti-coagulant

Front 46

potentilla fragariodes

Back 46

Common name: cinquefoil
Ethnomedical use: hemostatic
Therapeutic use: hemostatic

Front 47

Allium sativum

Back 47

Common name: garlic
Geography: Eurasian
Therapeutic use: anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial

Ethnomedical use: antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, aphrodisiac

Agonist at TRPA1 wasabi receptor

Front 48

Avena sativa

Back 48

Common name: oats
Geography: Meditteranean
Mech. of action - oat bran in diet binds lipids in GI tract and reduces absorption

Front 49

Pinus spp.

Back 49

Geography: Northern hemisphere
Therapeutic uses: benecol margarin is eaten as a food to lower cholesterol

Front 50

Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea

Back 50

Common name: foxglove
Goegraphy: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: cardiac stimulant, congestive heart disease

Front 51

Acokantheran oppositifolia

Back 51

Geography: E and S Africa
Ethnomedical use: arrow poison from wood

Front 52

Strophanthus gratus

Back 52

Geography: Africa
Ethnomedical use: poison from seeds

tx for CHF

Front 53

Convallaria majalis

Back 53

Common name: lily of the valley
Geography: europe
Modern medical use: cardiotonic

Front 54

Adonis vernalis

Back 54

Common names: false hellabore from Europe
Ethnomedical use: heart condition
Modern medical use: cardiotonic

Front 55

Erythroxylum coca

Back 55

Common name: coca
Geography: Andes Mountain, S. America
Ethnomedical use: leaves used as a stimulant, cardiac stimulant, enhance endurance, and appetite suppressant

Front 56

Chinchona officinalis

Back 56

Geography: Native to S. America introduced to Africa and Asia
Ethnomedical use: fever

Front 57

Atropa belladonna

Back 57

Common name: belladonna
Geography: Europe
Chemical class: alkaloid
Pharmaceuticals: atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyanine, treat bradycardia

Front 58

Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, C. oxyacantha, C. spp

Back 58

Common name: hawthorne
Ethnomedical use: leaf and flower prepartions of this small tree taken to treat coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders
Mech. of action - dilation of coronary arteries
Modern medical uses: coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders

Front 59

Ammi visnaga

Back 59

Geography: Mediterranean environments in S. Europe, N. Africa
Cultural origins: Berber in N. Africa
Ethnomedical uses: fruit extract taken orally to treat angina pectoris and asthma
mech. of action - increased blood flow to coronary arteries to treat angina pectoris, prevents release of histamine-> asthma

Front 60

Theobroma cacao

Back 60

Common name: chocolate
Therapeutic uses: smooth muscle relaxant, angina pectoris, coronary artery dilator, myocardial stimulant, diuretic

Front 61

Rauvolfia serpentina

Back 61

Common name: rauvolfia
Geography: India, Indomalasia
Ethnomedical use: anti-hypertensive, sedative, tranquilizer, anti-psychotic, damages storage vesicles reducing norepinephrine levels

Front 62

Rhododendron molle

Back 62

Geography: China
Ethnomedical uses: hypotensive, insect repellent
Modern medical uses: anti-hypertensive, tranquilizer

Front 63

Veratrum album

Back 63

Common name: white hellebore
Modern medical use: anti-hypertensives

Front 64

Stephania tetrandra

Back 64

Geography: Old World
Modern medical use: anti-hypertensive, sedative

Front 65

Tanacetum parthenium

Back 65

Common name: feverfew
Geography: SE Europe
Ethnomedical use: Migraine headaches, fever

Front 66

Aesculus hippocastanum

Back 66

Common name: horse chestnut
Geography: Europe to S. Asia
Ethnomedical use: seeds used in Europe to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency

Front 67

Pausinystalia johimbe

Back 67

Common name: Yohimbine
Ethnomedical use: taken orally as an aphrodisiac in W. Africa by many different ethnolinguistic groups
Mech. of action - competitve blockade on adrenergic receptors
Therapeutic uses: taken orally as an aphrodisiac and to treat impotence

Front 68

Papaver somniferum

Back 68

active compound: Papaverine
Mech. of action: vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant, reduce release of substance P (pain receptors), endorphins on morphine receptors, treat tachyarrhythmias

Ethnomedical: used for cough, drug
Therapeutic use: penis injection of papaverine, produce prolonged penile erections to treat impotence, used as an aphrodisiac

Front 69

Colchicum autumnale

Back 69

Common name: crocus
Geography: Europe to N. Africa
Ethnomedical uses: gout, pain, inflammation
Mech. of action - causes a doubling of chromosomes by disorganizing the spindle mechanism at mitosis
Modern medical uses - colchine as anti-tumor, lupus, arthritis, gout

Front 70

Podophyllum peltatum and p. hexandrum

Back 70

Common name: May apple
Geography:
p. peltatum - N. America
p. hexandrum - Himalayas
Ethnomedical uses:
warts, laxative, cathartic, emetic, helminthic infections, cancer, genital infections

Front 71

Catharanthus roseus

Back 71

Common name: Madagascar periwinkle, rosy periwinkle
Geography: native to Madagascar
Ethnomedical uses: Type 2 diabetes, Hodgekin's disease

Front 72

Taxus brevifolia

Back 72

Common name: pacific yew
Geography: Northern CA up through pacific northwest
Ethnomedical use: skin cancers, breast cancers
Mech. of action - anti-microtubule and anti-mitotic

Front 73

Viscum album

Back 73

Common name: European mistletoe
Cultural origins: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: joint inflammation, malignant tumors

Front 74

Manihot esculenta

Back 74

Common names: cassava, manihot
Geography: Amazon basin, S. America
Ethnomedical uses: leaves and roots eaten as food and to treat malaria

Front 75

chinchona officinalis, c. ledgeriana

Back 75

Common names: quina, chinchona, calisaya bark, Jesuits' bark, yellow bark, Ledger bark, crown bark, Loxa bark
Geography: Native to S. America
Ethnomedical use: fever

Front 76

Artemisia annua

Back 76

Geography: China, Vietnam, Asia
Ethnomedical use: plant leaves treat malaria for thousands of years in china and vietnam, anti-malaria

Front 77

Artemisia maritima

Back 77

Common name: wormseed
Ethnomedical use: anti-helminthic
Mech. of action - anti-helminthic
Therapeutic use: ascaris worm intestinal infections

Front 78

Berberis vulgaris and B. aquafolium

Back 78

Common names/Geography:
barberry in Europe
Oregon berry in northwest USA
Ethnomedical uses: dysentery, diarrhea, skin disease, psoriasis

Front 79

cinnamomum zeylanicum

Back 79

Common name: Cinnamon
Origin: Asia
Bark extract taken orally to treat gastritis and stomach and duodenal uclers by inhibiting the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, reduction of insulin resistance

Front 80

Hydrastis canadensis

Back 80

Common name: goldenseal
Geography: N. America
Cultural originas: multiple Native American groups
Ethnomedical use: astringent, anti-infective, strengthen mucosal membranes in upper respiratory tract
mech. of action - antimicrobial

Front 81

Allium sativum

Back 81

Common name: garlic
Ethnomedical use: antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, aphrodisiac
Therapeutic use: antimicrobial, anti-hyperlipidemic

Front 82

Zingiber officinalis

Back 82

Common name: ginger
Geography: ASia
Rhizome tuber taken orally or as a vapor to treat respiratory virus

agonist at capsaicin receptor

Front 83

Sambucus nigra

Back 83

Common name: Elderberry
Origin: Mediterranean region
Fruit and flower extracts taken orally to treat upper respiratory viruses

Front 84

Panax ginseng

Back 84

Common name: ginseng
Origin: China, Korea
Rhizome extract taken orally to treat upper respiratory viruses

Front 85

Echinacea spp.

Back 85

Common names: echinacea, coneflower
Geography: grasslands and open fields of Great Plains of USA
Cultural origins: American indians including Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot
Ethnomedical uses:
infections, immunostimulant, respiratory infections, intestinal infections, urinary tract infections
Mech. of action: immunostimulation by increasing leukocytes, stimulate phagocytosis, and increase cytokines in peripheral blood macrophages
Therapeutic uses: immunostimulant and respiratory infections

Front 86

Illicium verum

Back 86

Common name: Star Anise
Origin: China and Vietnam
Modern medical use: taken orally to treat avian flu, stimulate digestive enzymes

Front 87

Thymus vulgaris

Back 87

Common name: thyme
Geography: Mediterranean
Ethnomedical uses: expectorant, treating lung infections, bronchospasms, fungal infections, antibacterial

Front 88

coffea arabica

Back 88

Origin: Northeast Africa
Therapeutic use: may reduce the development of liver cirrhosis, reduction of insulin resistance

Front 89

silybum marianum

Back 89

Common name: milk thistle
Geography: Europe
Ethnomedical uses: liver disorders, hepatitis
Therapeutic uses: anti-hepatotoxic, prevent hepatitis, antedote to Amanita hepatic poisoning

Front 90

ephedra sinica, e. equisetina, e. trifurca

Back 90

Common names:
e. sinica, e. equisetina - Ma Huang
e. trifurca - mormon tea
Ethnomedical uses: asthma, sinusitis, stimulant

Front 91

ammi visnaga

Back 91

Common name: visnaga
Geography: Mediterranean
Cultural origins: Berber in N. Africa
Ethnomedical uses: angina, asthma

Front 92

origanum vulgare

Back 92

Common name: oregano
Ethnomedical uses: tea from leaves, upper respiratory infection, rhinitis

Front 93

Glaucium flavum

Back 93

Therapeutic use: antitussive

Front 94

Arsidia japonica

Back 94

Ethnomedical use: chronic bronchitis
Therapeutic use: antitussive

Front 95

Plantago afra, p. ovata

Back 95

Common name: psyllium
Ethnomedical use: seeds and husk seeds used as laxative to treat constipation 1-3 days

Front 96

senna alexandrina, cassia senna, senna augustifolia, senna spp.

Back 96

Trop America

Common names: senna, Tinnevelly senna pods
Ethnomedical use: treat constipation
mech. of action - stimulant laxative- 8hrs

antibacterial

Front 97

Rhamnus spp., rhamnus purshianus, r. frangula

Back 97

Common names:
purshianus - cascara sagrada bark
frangula - frangula bark
mec. of action - stimulant laxative-8hrs
therapeutic uses - laxative to treat constipation

Front 98

ricinus communis

Back 98

Common name: castor oil
Mech. of action - osmotic laxative
Therapeutic uses - low dose - laxative 1-3 hrs
high dose - cathartic

Front 99

mentha piperita

Back 99

Common name: peppermint
Geography: Eurasia
Ethnomedical use: digestive problems with diarrhea and/or constipation
intestinal spasms
irritable bowel syndrome

agonist at TRPM8 menthol pain receptor

Front 100

berberis vulgaris, B. aquafolim, berberis spp.

Back 100

Common name/Geography:
B. vulgaris - barberry, Europe
B. aquafolium - Oregonberry, USA
Therapeutic uses:
dysentery caused by bacteria and Entamoeba histolytica
Giaradia lamblia - diarrhea
secretory diarrhea including cholera
AIDS related diarhea

Front 101

Fraxinus rhynchophylla

Back 101

Common name: ash
Ethnomedical use: dysentery

Front 102

Hemsleya amabilis

Back 102

Ethnomedical use: dysentery
Modern medical use: bacillary dysentery, anti-pyretic

Front 103

Croton lechleri

Back 103

Common names: sangre de drago, sangre de grado
Geography: western Amazon basin, S. America
Ethnomedical use:
diarrhea
herpes skin infections
wound healing
tuberculosis
pneumonia

Front 104

Pscyhotria ipecacuanha

Back 104

Brazil

emetic

intestinal amoebas

Front 105

Alzheimer's disease (cause)

Back 105

Oxidation

free radicals in the brain cause elements in the brain to lose electrons (free radical scaverngers pick up these radicals: anti-oxidants)

Front 106

Antioxidants

Back 106

blueberries, cumin, tea, coffee

Front 107

Vaccinium spp

Back 107

Blueberries

anti-oxidant rich fruit

North America

reduce risk of alzheimers

Front 108

Curcuma longa

Back 108

tumeric

India

Ethnomedical uses: cooking, infection, enhance brain function

reduces developments of senility and enhances cog function

Front 109

Cannabis sativa

Back 109

THC and Cannabindiol (CBD)

analgesic, reduces risk of dementia, treat nausea

cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2)

Front 110

Phyllomedusa sauvage

Back 110

Frog

Amazon

Demorphin extracted from its back 40x stronger than morphine, less addictive effects

Front 111

Gaultheria procumbens

Back 111

wintergreen

Eastern North America

inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Front 112

Betula lenta

Back 112

sweet birch

Eastern North America

inhibits cyclooxygenase which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Front 113

Cinnamomium camphor

Back 113

camphor oil

Asia

agonist at TRPM8, menthol pain receptor

Front 114

Piper nigrum

Back 114

India

agonist at capsacin receptor pain pathway

Front 115

Eutrema wasabi

Back 115

Asia

Agonist at TRPA1 wasabi receptor

Front 116

armoracia rusticana

Back 116

horse radish

SE Europe & Western Asia

Agonist at TRPA1 wasabi receptor

Front 117

Brassica nigra/ juncea/oleracea

Back 117

mustard

Asia

Agonist at TRPA1 wasabi receptor

oleracea reduces risk of cancer

Front 118

allium cepa

Back 118

Asia

agonist at TRPA-1 wasabi receptor

Front 119

Acemelia oleraceae

Back 119

toothache plant

South America

salad vegetable, analgesic

Front 120

COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes

Back 120

target of anti-inflammatory drugs COX 1 has homeostatic function (don't want to inhibit) gastrointestinal tract stuff

COX 2-responsible for inflammation and pain (want to inhibit) NSAIDs do this well

Front 121

Tiger Balm

Back 121

includes hot and cold receptors

Front 122

Pancreas Beta cells (B cells)

Back 122

produce insulin

Front 123

Syndrom X

Back 123

Metabolic syndrome that develops secondary to insulin resistance

high triglycerides, low HDL, high blood clotting, high BP, high Coronary artery disease

Front 124

Magnifera indica

Back 124

mango

India

Type 2 diabetes

Front 125

Gymnema sylvestre

Back 125

Cowplant

India/ Sri Lanka

diminish taste bud perception of sweetness, appetite suppressant

Front 126

Thaumatococcus daniellii

Back 126

miracle berry

West Africa

turn non-sweet foods sweet

Front 127

Synsepalum dulcificum

Back 127

miracle fruit

West africa

make taste sweet

Front 128

Stevia rebaudiana

Back 128

South America

non-caloric sweetener

Front 129

Omega 3 fatty acids

Back 129

flaxseed oil (Europe)

walnut oil (Asia)

hemp oil (Asia)

salmon oil

reduce cardiovascular disease

Front 130

monounsaturated fats

Back 130

Olive oil

canola oil

peanut oil

Avocado oil

Sesame oil

Almond oil

reduce cardiovascular disease

Front 131

Glycine max

Back 131

China

reduce cardiovascular disease

Front 132

Dasiphora fruticosa

Back 132

golden harhack, cinqufoil

hemeostasis

Front 133

Nerium oleander

Back 133

oleander

Mediterranean

increases Ca2+ treat CHF

Front 134

Cardiac Glycoside Arrow Poison

Back 134

Africa

Strophanthus gratus

Acokanthera oppositifolia

Front 135

Adrenergic Alpha 1 receptor

Back 135

arteriole construction

lowers gland secretion

lowers intestinal motility

Front 136

Adrenergic Beta 1 receptors

Back 136

increase heart rate/ contractility/ velocity

cardiac automaticity

increases renin secretion by kidney=> increases blood pressure

Front 137

Adrenergic Alpha-2 receptors

Back 137

lowers secretion of insulin from beta cells in pancreas

Front 138

Camptotheca acuminata

Back 138

Happy Tree

China

inhibits nuclear DNA

Front 139

Fungus

Back 139

tamari

miso

cheese

Front 140

Meialeuca alternifolia

Back 140

Australia

tea tree oil

antifungal, antibacterial

Front 141

Lyna vesicatoria

Back 141

Spanish fly & other blister beetles

Europe

Tx of papilloma virus

Front 142

Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium

Back 142

Europe

insect repellent

Front 143

Corymbia citriodora

Back 143

Australia

insect repellent

Front 144

Azadirachta indica

Back 144

India

insect repellent

Front 145

Astragalus

Back 145

goat's thorn

China

prevents telomere shortening

being developed to tx HIV/ AIDS

Front 146

Uncaria tomentosa

Back 146

South America

immunostimulant

treat viral infections

cat's claw

Front 147

Urtica dioica

Back 147

nettle

Europe

Allergic rhinitis

Front 148

Apnea in premature infants

Back 148

coffee. tea, chocolate, cola acuminate, paullina cupana

Front 149

Matricaria recutita

Back 149

Chamomille tea

Europe

treats stomach discomfor

Front 150

Psidium guajava

Back 150

guava

trop America

Treats diarrhea

Front 151

Oryza sativa

Back 151

rice, rice water

Asia

Anti-secretory mech to tx diarhea

Front 152

Angelica sinesis

Back 152

angelica

Asia

stimulates digestive enzymes

Front 153

Elettaria cardamomum

Back 153

cardamon

Asia

stimulates digestive enzymes

Front 154

Foeniculum vulgare

Back 154

anise

Mediterranean

stimulates digestive enzymes

Front 155

Pimpinelia anisum

Back 155

anise

Mediterranean and SW Asia

stimulates digestive enzymes

Front 156

Mentha spicata

Back 156

spearmint

Europe

stimulates digestive enzymes

Front 157

Ursodeoxycholic

Back 157

Mammal gall bladders

Worldwide

Treats cirrhosis, breaks down fats

Front 158

Cynara cardunculus

Back 158

artichoke

Europe

digestive gall bladder stimulant

Front 159

Silybum marianum

Back 159

Europe

protects liver against toxicity