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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Culture (2 ways of thinking about it) (Tomlinson)
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1) Culture as a concrete thing or ‘stuff’: The material products of human activities such as monuments, artworks, buildings, cities, etc.
2) Culture as shared sets of practices and meanings: Shared cultural meanings and practices are never static—they are constantly evolving and require ‘upkeep’. all those mundane practices that directly contribute to people’s ongoing ‘life narratives’: The stories by which we chronically interpret our existence” Ex. Thailand: Local identities, places and products as ‘real,’ ‘authentic’ and ‘fixed’ examples of culture versus more expansive or mobile identities, places and products as ‘fake,’ ‘produced’ and ‘rootless’ |
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Views of culture and globalization (Tomlinson)
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• Hyperglobalizers: Homogenization of world under American popular culture or Western consumerism
• Skeptics: Thinness of globalization relative to national and local cultural practices. Ex. Most phone calls are local. • Transformationalists: Reshaping of cultural practices and places. Tomlinson:“As connectivity reaches into localities, it transforms local lived experience but also confronts people with a world in which their fates undeniably are bound together in a single global frame” |
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John Tomlinson’s theory of connectivity and the emergence of ‘global unicity’
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-“A world of complex connectivity (a global marketplace, international fashion codes, an international division of labor, a shared ecosystem) thus links the myriad small everyday actions of millions with the fates of distant, unknown others”
-‘Unicity’ as “a sense that the world is becoming, for the first time in history a single social and cultural setting”. -Connectivity and ‘global unicity’ as 1) a context increasingly shaping social relations and 2) a frame of reference within which people must figure their actions, identities and existence Ex. People around the world started checking where their diamonds were coming from in order to not support blood diamond conflict in Sierra Leone |
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Do you find Tomlinson’s argument about connectivity, the emergence of global unicity (a sense that the world is becoming a single cultural and social setting) and deterritorialization compelling?
What other evidence can you think of in support of this viewpoint? What about evidence which cuts against it? |
Answer:
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Culture Industries
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• Economic entities dedicated to the production of culture as a commodity
• Examples of industries: • Film • Television • Music • Literature • Visual art • Fashion and design |
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Cultural Imperialism
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“The laws of globalization are called homogenization, standardization of tastes, behavior, cultures…. The Hollywood model is inseparable from American imperialism.” Michalet in Scott
-Critique of Cultural imperialism: Audience Reception:Filtering, interpretation, selective appropriation, hybridity |
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Cultural Commodity
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Commodityness is a spectrum: hello kitty, nike, etc.
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Dudly Andrew’s discussion of ways of mapping world cinema
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Focuses on international interdependence of film map
-Critiques political maps which focuses on quantity rather than prestige. -Should investigate Linguistic maps: how film images circulate (map of consumption), this focuses on the benefits of a: -Linguistic Map: How the global exchange of images complexifies identities within countries -Orientation maps: Film as an assembly of points of view from which we develop cognitive maps. |
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• Is the global circulation of film images producing a homogenization or complexification of existing cultures?
• Is US domination of global film production and distribution a concern? If so how should societies or governments respond? • Will a more polycentric world of film production dispel concerns about ‘cultural imperialism’? |
Answer:
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Nationalism (Def and Types)
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“Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent.” -Gellner
1) Civic –Based on shared citizenship as source of solidarity and political authority –Open and inclusive, at least in theory, to people from a variety of different cultural, religious or ethnic backgrounds –Examples: United States, England, France 2) Ethnic –Shared ancestry as the basis of solidarity and political authority –Exclusionary, rights based on membership in favored nationality –Examples: Croatia, Japan, Turkey, Israel, Germany |
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Nation
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-“A nation is a community of shared culture, where culture in turn means a shared system of ideas and signs and associations and ways of behaving and communicating.”- Gellner
A nation attempts to define culture – what belongs here and what does not. |
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Homeland
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Nationalism as an ideology was premised on the link between people and territory…as such, nationalism fed directly into the sovereign territorial ideal, and at the same time it gave states that approximated the nation-state ideal a powerful new basis of legitimacy.
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Banal Nationalism (Billig)
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“Nationhood is near the surface of contemporary life…routinely familiar habits of language will be continually acting as reminders of nationhood.
Small words, rather than grand memorable phrases, offer constant, but barely conscious, reminders of the homeland.” -Billig |
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Three Theories of Nationalism
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-Primordialist: Nationalism has always been present. Ex. China today is the same as Chinese Dynasties
-Modernist: Nationalism is new. “Nationalism is not the awakening of an old, latent, dormant force…it is in reality the consequence of a new form of social organization.” -Gellner “…a modern industrial state can only function with a mobile, literate, culturally standardized, interchangeable population.” -Constructivist: Nations are inherently subjective, “imagined communities” that come into being momentarily only through certain actions, practices, or events. -Gellner |
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State
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-“…a body having a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force in a given territory.” -Max Weber,
A state is a political institution with legitimate right to wield power within a specific territory. |
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Why does nation not equal state?
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Because there are:
• Multi-national states – Canada, Spain • Multi-state nations – Hungarian populations in Hungary, Romania and Slovakia – Arabs in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, etc. • Stateless nations – Kurds, Basques, Tibetans • Unconsolidated, post-colonial States (“Franken-states”) – Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Lebanon, etc. |
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Philip Jenkins’ account of a Christian revolution in the global south and the effect it may
have on future social, religious and political relations in the world |
-“Europe is demonstrably not the Faith. The era of Western Christianity has passed within our lifetimes, and the day of the Southern churches is dawning.”
-“…in this thought-world, prophecy is an everyday reality, while faith-healing, exorcism, and dream visions are all fundamental parts of religious sensibility.” -Jenkins “They will not be looked upon as we have been doing, as our fellow Anglicans….our understanding of the Bible is different from them. We are two different churches” -predict more south to south missionary activity - more scriptural literalism - Splintering of Christendom |
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Samuel Huntington’s clash of civilizations thesis (his definition of civilizations, why he
thinks civilizations will clash, etc.) |
-“The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.” -Huntington
-“What do we mean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity…It is defined both by common objective elements, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people…while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real.” -Huntington Reasons civilizations will Clash 1) Differences between civilizations are real and basic 2) The world is becoming a smaller place, with increasing interactions and consciousness of difference 3) Processes of social and economic modernization are weakening local and national identities and increasing the appeal of fundamentalist religious movements 4) An ‘indigenization’ of non-Western elites 5) Cultural differences are less susceptible to compromise than political or economic ones 6) Economic regionalism is increasing—fueled by and reinforcing common civilizational consciousness -“The clash of civilizations thus occurs at two levels. At the micro-level, adjacent groups along the fault lines between civilizations struggle, often violently, over the control of territory and each other. At the macro-level, states from different civilizations compete for relative military and economic power…and competitively promote their particular political and religious values.” -Huntington Ex. Former Yugoslavia. Major conflict seen at this fault line of Islam, Western Christianity, and Orthodox Christianity |
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Push and pull factors in migration
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Push factors: Pressures which compel movement away from a place. Ex.
• Violence (war or high crime) • Economic hardships • Ethnic or religious persecution • Degraded resources, natural disasters or poor weather Pull factors: Forces which attract people to a particular destination • Peace (or more security) • Economic opportunities • Freedom from persecution • Better sense of place or weather |
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Types of migration (emigration versus immigration; voluntary and forced)
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Emigration: From
Immigration: to Voluntary migration – Human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force. Ex. Gold Rush, Retiring in Costa Rica Forced migration – Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice, or believe they have no choice, but to relocate. Ex. atlantic Slave Trade, Ethnic Cleansing like Serbs being forced to leave Croatia Caveat: Distinction between voluntary and forced migration not that easy to make in practice. In particular, from perspective of many labor migrants, lack of economic opportunity at home gives them no choice but to leave to provide for families. |
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Ethnic cleansing
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Ethnic cleansing: the forcible removal of an ethnically defined population from a given territory
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Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)
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According to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who:
“Owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country" Asylum seeker: A person who has applied for refugee status, but has yet to be recognized IDP: -Status not legally defined like refugee -Difficult to calculate total number of IDPs, but internal displacement is most common form of forced migration: Internal Displacement Monitoring Center and UNHCR estimates some 28 million IDPs worldwide in 2012 -Driven by civil wars, state collapse, ethnic cleansing, natural disasters, famine |
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Hein de Haas’ argument and list of myths and facts of migration, remittances and
development |
-In receiving societies migration and development policies tend to be seen as separate policy domains, and the former distorted by a number of ‘migration myths’
-The relationship between migration and development should be seen as reciprocal. That is “migration is both a constituent part of development processes and an independent factor affecting development in migrant sending and receiving societies” -We need to encourage more open and flexible, rather than restrictive, migration policies Myth 1: This is an unprecedented era of international migration (“One century ago the percentage of international migrants in the total world population was at almost similar levels (2.5%--3%) to those of today”)(There is a shift from Norh-North and North-South Migration to South-North migration) Myth 2: Poverty and misery are the root causes of migration. (“Rather than absolute poverty, a certain level of socio-economic development, combined with relative deprivation in the form of global inequality of development opportunities, seems to be the most important cause of migration”) Myth 3: Development assistance and trade liberalization are effective ‘remedies’ for migration Myth 4: Migration leads to a brain drain in developing countries (Some countries cultivate return of skilled individuals, positive political and social role of returning migrants Myth 5: Remittances are wasted on non-productive economic activities… (those within country know what money needs to be spent on, effect on development depends on quality of governance) Myth 6: Orientation of migrants toward countries of origin is indication of lack of social and economic integration in receiving countries Myth 7: States can effectively control or stop migration without resort to authoritarian measures (“A higher than present level of migration control seems almost impossible without drastically curtailing civil and human rights”) |
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Immigrant transnationalism (be able to describe concept, and discuss mechanisms and/or
technologies that facilitate or attenuate cross border connections) |
Transnationalism: The social connections between receiving and sending countries; cross-border activities (‘ways of being’) and identities (‘ways of belonging’)
Transmigrants: People who build and maintain ties with their countries of origin Key Factors that generate and attenuate cross border connections: -Technology and social connectivity (facebook) -Time-space compression: processes and technologies (internet, airplanes, etc.) that reduce the significance of distance and accelerate the experience of time. -Origin State policies that attempt to engage migrants living abroad (Advertising for jobs in origin state) |
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Diaspora
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-‘Diaspora’ as Ancient Greek for: “the scattered”
-Traditional understanding of Diaspora: People settled far from ‘their ancestral homelands’, often due to forced migration -Example: Jewish Diaspora, Armenian Diaspora -Any self-identifying community of people spatially dispersed from an imagined ‘homeland’ due to large scale migration -Diaspora not as an objectively real entity, but a ‘stance’ or claim that operates as a way of defining one’s position within the world |
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Remittances
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Remittances: Money that migrants send back to family and friends in their country of origin
Philippines institutionalized migration to promote development. |
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Brain drain
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Migration of skilled individuals from home country. Movement from less developed to more developed countries.
Pros: return of investment. Ex. Tanzania advertising for the mobilization of the diaspora. Ex. 2: Liberia's current president, brain drain had positive focus on Liberia |
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Deterritorialization
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a
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The demographic transition model (the five phases, and factors driving the transitions
between them) |
A descriptive model of demographic (population structure) transitions that are thought to occur as countries move from traditional to industrial societies
Derived from fertility and mortality patterns in Europe from the early modern era to present Often treated as a universal law or model, though this is somewhat problematic Phase 1 Preindustrial: -High births, high deaths, low natural increase (NI) – Fertility near biological maximum – Mortality fluctuated, with excess mortality due to famines, wars and disease – Family as unit of production, children contribute to family economy at young age – Extra children cost little to raise; provide social security in old age Phase 2 Transitional: - Continuing high birth rates, declining death rates, increasing NI. - Benefits from colonialism—dietary improvements with staple crops (potatoes, tomatoes, corn) - Advances in agricultural practices in 18th century (crop rotation, selective breeding, mechanization, enclosure) -Improvements in sanitation, invention and use of soap - Cultural acceptability of limiting fertility not yet in place Phase 3 Transitional: Beginning in about 1875: continued decrease in death rates, beginning decline in birth rates, continued high NI Death rate continues to decline, due to rising standards of living, better diet, better medical knowledge and treatments Birth rates begin to decline: – urbanization and industrialization – Later in Phase 3, universal and compulsory education, child labor laws, state welfare (children as economic burden) – Knowledge of more children surviving to adulthood – Increased cultural acceptability of limiting fertility – Increasing female literacy and employment outside of the home Phase 4 Industrial: • Low death rate, near biological minimum • Decrease of birth rate to level of death rate (or below) • Very low NI, or actually natural decrease |
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Differences between the demographic transition in Western Europe and the developing
world |
• Economic development, health improvements and urbanization which took place over centuries in the Europe have or are occurring rapidly in developing countries
• Social change does not necessarily speed up at corresponding rate, though trend toward lower fertilities rates also occurring more rapidly throughout most of the developing world • Unevenness in DT patterns within developing countries due to effect of AIDS (mortality increase in parts of Southern Africa) and governmental policies (extremely rapid birth rate decrease in countries such as China) |
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Gender (what is it, and how does it differ from sex?)
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"Sex" refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women
"Gender" refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women To put it another way: "Male" and "female" are sex categories, while "masculine" and "feminine" are gender categories --World Health Organization |
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The ‘global south’
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South and central America, Africa, Asia
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Gender hierarchies, roles and norms
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Gender norms and identities as more fluid and/or specific to particular times, places and cultures than often acknowledged
Describing gender norms as social constructions does not imply that they are meaningless or arbitrary MAsculine: Strong, aggressive, tough, breadwinners. Feminine: Soft, tender, timid, caretakers “If women are indeed feminine (soft, tender, timid) and men are masculine (strong, tough aggressive) is this because genetics, or sex, biologically determines distinct social behaviors and attitudes? Or do women tend to be feminine and men masculine because society and culture requires them to be so?” |
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Human rights (be able to describe concept and identify common rights claims)
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“The human rights idea declares that every human being, in every political society, has ‘rights’: recognized, legitimate claims upon his or her society to specific freedoms and other goods and benefits. They are claims ‘as of right,’ not by grace, or love, or charity, or compassion: claims that society is morally, politically, even legally obligated to respect, ensure and realize”—Louis Henkin
-Freedom -Freedom of religion from want -Civil and -Economic, political rights social and cultural rights |
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Negative and positive rights
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Negative Rights: Freedoms.
• Freedom of speech and religion • Freedom from slavery • Freedom from torture • Right to a fair trial • Freedom of movement Positive Rights: Entitlements. •Right to free elementary education • Right to work • Right to social security • Right to an adequate standard of living, including basic health standards |
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The UN family planning as a human right and development report (what is the argument,
what does it prescribe as the responsibility of states, criticisms of it?) |
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Does culture have to be fixed in place? Why, why not? If yes, how is this done?
Do you view globalization as a problem for your sense of identity (with a culture), or is does it offer potential to think beyond boundaries? What are the three theories of nationalism? Which do you agree with, and why? Examples? Describe the two types of nationalism. How similar are they, how different? Examples? |
"The key to its cultural impact is in the transformation of localities themselves...the idea of deterritorialization...is that complex connectivity weakens the ties of culture to place.”
Nations and the states that speak for them attempt to shape how we look at culture by defining what belongs here and what does not… …but it is only an attempt. Culture isn’t inherently tied to places. It can and does move around. |
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What does Western civilization mean when its critical religious traditions are now primarily upheld and developing outside the ‘West’?
Are we looking at a new Christendom in the Global South? If so, how might it affect social, political and economic relations around the world? Do changes in religious practice, through migration or conversion, inevitably lead to conflict? |
A
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Does it make sense to talk about civilizations as not only real but also the most important cultural entities in the world today?
Looking at Huntington’s map of civilizations, is his logic for demarcating civilizations compelling? |
A
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The importance of distinguishing transnational connectivity and collectivity
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“Connectivity does not imply collectivity: masses of migrants communicate with relatives abroad, whom they may support and visit; far fewer engage with activities linking them to a broader place of origin collectivity, whether at local or national level”
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Haas Solutions
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“The paradox is that restrictive policies at both the sending and receiving ends encourage permanent settlement while discouraging circular migration”
-Abandon ‘stay at home’ policies in sending states; improve social, economic and political attractiveness to migrants as to encourage investment and return -Open borders to demand driven labor migration (both low and high skilled), while guaranteeing workers’ rights in receiving states |
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Does de Haas make a convincing argument about the need for less restrictive migration policies (in both receiving and sending countries)? Why or why not?
Do you agree that the potential benefits of return migration outweigh the costs of ‘brain drain’ for sending states? |
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