I & I Basic Concepts I/ii

Front 1

Term for establishment of an organism at a given site

Back 1

Colonization

Front 2

Is colonization of a pathogen usually pathogenic?

Back 2

No, colonization is a characteristic of normal flora

Front 3

Term for establishemt of organisms at a given site resulting in either a host immune response an/or damage to the host

Back 3

Infection

Front 4

Infection is usually due to...

Back 4

1) Pathogen
2) Opportunistic organism

Front 5

What is the result of tissue damage from an infection?

Back 5

Disease

Tissue damage may be clinical or sub-clinical

Front 6

Name the three stages of infection

Back 6

1) Incubation period
2) Apparent infection
3) Latency

Front 7

Time between the initiation of infection and the onset of disease

Back 7

Incubation period

Front 8

Stage of infection when an organism is present and detectible, but no signs/symptoms of disease are present

Back 8

Incubatoin period

Front 9

Does tissue destruction occur during the incubation period o infection?

Back 9

No, not generally

Front 10

Period of infection where an organism is present and manifests detectible signs/symps

Back 10

Apparent

Front 11

Can the etiologic agent be recovered during the apparent stage of an infection?

Back 11

Yes

Front 12

The apparent stage of infection is synonomous with ...

Back 12

clinical disease

Front 13

Stage of infection when an agent cannot be isolated although it is still present

Back 13

Latent

Front 14

Name some examples of latent infections

Back 14

-TB
-Herpes
-Toxoplasmosis
-Cryptococcosis

Front 15

Name the 6 general steps in microbial invasion and pathogenesis

Back 15

1) Entry into host
2) Attachment to target cells
3) Replication
4) Spread (local or systemic)
5) Tissue destruction
6) Exit and survival in environment

Front 16

Name four ways that pathogens can enter a host

Back 16

1) Respiratory
2) Alimentary (GI)
3) Integument break
4) Genital mucous membranes

Front 17

How do pathogens attach to target cells?

Back 17

1) Adhesions and receptors
2) Attachment sites and pili

Front 18

Pathogen attachment to target cells:
Specific targets for pathogens, often in a "lock and key" type fashion

Back 18

Adhesions and receptors

Front 19

Pathogen attachment to target cells:
Structures found on the surface of certain microbes that act in a non-specific manner to promote attachment between the organism and host cell

Back 19

Attachment sites and pili

Front 20

Replication rate depends on the infecting organism.
Give an example of a rapidly and slowly replicating pathogen.

Back 20

Rapid: HIV (millions of copies realeased per day)

Slow: TB (several days for MTB to reproduce)

Front 21

Name the four ways that pathogens can spread (locally or systemically)

Back 21

1) Direct (contiguous)
2) Hematogenous (blood stream)
3) Lymphatic
4) Neuronal

Front 22

Give an example of an organism that can spread directly

Back 22

Staphylococcus aureus (cellulitis)

Front 23

Give an example of an organism that can spread in the blood stream

Back 23

Enterococcus faecalis (endocarditis)

Front 24

Give an example of an organism that can spread via the lymphatic system

Back 24

Streptococcus pyogenes/Grp A Strep (lymphangitis)

Front 25

Give an example or an organism that spreads via nerve cells

Back 25

Rabies via axonal retrograde transport

Front 26

What actually leads to pathologic effects during infection

Back 26

Tissue destruction

Front 27

Name four entities that can cause tissue destruction during an infection

Back 27

1) Toxins
2) Enzymes
3) Cell disruption (viruses)
4) Immune response

Front 28

List some interventions that can reduce entry of pathogens into a host

Back 28

1) Mechanical barriers (PPE)
2) Alteration of entry site (stomach pH)
3) Risk avoidance
4) Sanitation
5) Hand hygiene

Hint 28

M-A-R-S-H

Front 29

Attachment of an organism to target cells in the host requires time. List some interventions that can reduce attachment of pathogens.

Back 29

1) Medical interventions (medicaions or immunizations)
2) Coughing
3) Bathing
4) Debridement
5) Fluhing (forward flow of fluids)

Front 30

How are organisms prevented from replicating once inside the host

Back 30

1) Immunizations
2) Antimicrobial drugs

Front 31

How does an immunization interfere with the replication of invading pathogens

Back 31

Numerous vaccines induce the formation of opsonizing antibodies that help the immune system rapidly clear organisms from the body

Front 32

How do antimicrobial drugs interfere with invading pathogens

Back 32

Most antimicrobials work best on organisms that are actively REPLICATING