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44 Cards in this Set
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Herpesviridae
HSV 1 and 2 |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Replication: In nucleus Transcription: Host RNA Pol Replication: Viral Pol Transmission: Direct contact Diagnosis: Isolate in cell culture, immunofluorescence, PCR Treatment: Acyclovir Foscarnet if acyclovir resistant Notes: During latency, Circular DS DNA virus remains in nucleus as a extrachromosomal element. |
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Herpesviridae
Varicella Zoster Virus (chickenpox) |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Incubation: 14-18 days Replication: Transcription: Replication: Respiratory tract and lymph nodes Transmission: Inhalation Diagnosis: Clinical picture and immunofluorescent antibody stain. Treatment: Supportive, acyclovir for extreme cases. Prevention: Immune globulin for at risk patients, live vaccine Notes: Reactivation cx Shingles |
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Herpesviridae
CMV Cytomegalovirus |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Replication: In nucleus Transcription: Host RNA Pol Replication: Viral Pol Transmission: Close contact, all body fluids Diagnosis: Isolate in cell culture, electron microscopy, PCR Treatment: gancyclovir -Recombinant CMV envelope glycoprotein B vaccine Notes: Slow replication and slow disease, HETEROPHILE NEGATIVE MONONUCLEOSIS, CMV Infected Cells Showing “Owl Eye” Apperance of Intranuclear Inclusion |
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Herpesviridae
Epstein Barr Virus EBV |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Replication: In nucleus Transcription: Host RNA Pol Replication: Viral Pol Transmission: Close contact Diagnosis: Clinical picture, CBC with Downey Cells, abnormal liver enzymes, serology: AB to VCA, EBNA Treatment: Supportive, acyclovir Notes: Infects B Cells, HETEROPHILE POSITIVE MONONUCLEOSIS |
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Herpesviridae
Human Herpes virus Type 6 |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Replication: In nucleus Transcription: Host RNA Pol Replication: Viral Pol Transmission: Close contact, respiratory route Diagnosis: Not covered Treatment: Supportive, acyclovir Notes: MOST COMMUNICABLE OF ALL HERPES VIRUSES. -almost all children infected by age 5 -Infects mononuclear cells and T cells preferentially. CX ROSEOLA INFANTUM |
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Herpesviridae
Human Herpes Virus Type 7 |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Replication: In nucleus Transcription: Host RNA Pol Replication: Viral Pol Transmission: Not covered, 97% of adults positive Diagnosis: Restricted to specialized virology labs, diagnosis by seroconersion, isolated from CD4 T cells Treatment: Not covered Notes: |
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Herpesviridae
Human Herpes Virus Type 8 |
Morphology/Structure:
-Linear DS DNA -Icosahedral capsid -envelope: lipoprotein from nuclear membrane of host Replication: In nucleus Transcription: Host RNA Pol Replication: Viral Pol Transmission: Sexually transmitted, seen in AIDS patients Diagnosis: Not covered, virus sequences found in 95% of Kaposi's tissues. Treatment: Interferon alpha Notes: Associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma, closely related to EBV, preferentially infect B cells, genetic predisposition is a cofactor. |
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Pircornaviridae
Hepatitis A |
Morphology/Structure:
-Small Icosahedral -Positive stranded RNA -4 structural proteins (VP1-VP4) Replication: In cytoplasm -in codes a polyprotein -Assembly in cytoplasm -Release upon cell lysis -Occurs in small intestine, upon viremia spreads to liver Transcription: Not covered (normal RNA pathway) Replication: Not covered (normal RNA pathway) Diagnosis: Clinical picture, radioimmunoassay kits for IGM against HAV Treatment: HAC immunoglobulin, Hep A vaccine (inactivated) Notes: An enterovirus, but does not cause GI symptoms |
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Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B |
Morphology/Structure:
-Small, circular, smallest DNA virus -Partially DS, DNA Polymerase (reverse transcriptase associated) -enveloped (from host) Replication: Via Reverse transcriptase from RNA produced by host RNA polymerase II -in nucleus Transcription: Via host mechanisms -in nucles -Assembly in cytoplasm Transmission: Blood/body fluids, 50% of infections are transmitted sexually, vertical transmission Incubation: 160 Days Diagnosis: HBSAg in serum immunoassay Treatment: High calorie diet, interferon alpha, Lamivudine (RT inhibitor) and some nucleoside analogs) for chronic disease. -hyperimmune globulin, HBsAg from carries (vaccine), or HBsAg synthesized in yeasts. Notes: Produces Dane particles, empty shells -HBcAg (core antigen) encloses DNA and E. Also packages key enzymes. -HBeAg (encoded by core gene), glycoprotein -HBsAg (surface antigen) surrounds the core, envelope -Hep B DNA can integrate into host DNA 10-20% become chronic. 200 fold increase in HCC. |
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Flaviviridae
Hepatitis C |
Morphology/Structure:
+ Stranded linear RNA -Enveloped -6 major genotypes Transcription: Cytoplasm Replication: Replicates through negative RNA Transmission: Parenteral and sex (less than hep B) Diagnosis: Elevated ALT, ELISA (RIBA), PCR Treatment: • INF α treatment • Ribavirin • Telaprevir and boceprevir are new drugs that target the HCV protease thus blocking replication, but resistance quickly develops, side effects. Notes: 6-12 week incubation, chronic disease in 85% of patients, can lead to cirrhosis an HCC. Leading cause of liver transplant. Can form circular RNA to increase stability. -No vaccine |
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Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis D |
Morphology/Structure:
- SS(-) Circular RNA -Requires the presence of of hepatitis B sutface antigen for its transmission and assembly but not transcription. Enveloped -6 major genotypes Transcription: Not understood, independent of Hep B Replication: In nucleus using host factors. Transmission: Blood, sexual transmission Diagnosis: Antibody to delta capsid antigen, PCR Treatment: Limit the transmission of Hep B and vaccination. Notes: RNA genome and delta virus capsid protein are characteristic of hep D. -Coinfection with hep B causes superinfection with chronic hep B with acceleration, cirrhosis, |
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UNCLASSIFIED
Hepatitis E |
Morphology/Structure: Similar to calcivirus
-SS(+) Circular RNA -uneveloped, spikes on surface -Spherical looking Transcription: Not covered Replication: Not covered Transmission: Fecal/oral Diagnosis: Immunological assays, presence of IgM, PCR Treatment: None Notes: Causes disease like Hep A, much worse in pregnant women |
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Flaviviridae
Hepatitis B (GB) |
Morphology/Structure:
RNA virus Transcription: Not covered Replication: Not covered Transmission: Blood, blood derived products, blood transfusions Diagnosis: Immunological assays, presence of IgM, PCR Treatment: None Notes: Chronic infection in the absence of any clinical disease, most HCV patients are also infected with G. -HGV viremia prolongs the survival of HIV patients after seroconversion, 35% infected with HGV. |
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Picornaviridae (enteroviruses)
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Morphology/Structure:
Transcription: Replication: Transmission: Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: |
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Picornaviridae (enteroviruses)
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Morphology/Structure: SS (+) RNA virus
-Naked capsid -Icosahedral -4 Major protein VP1-VP4 Transcription: Cytoplasm Replication: Cytoplasm -Assembly in cytoplasm -Virus release through lysis Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: -Incubation varies, 2-10 days frequent |
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Picornaviridae (enteroviruses)
Polio |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+) RNA virus
-Naked capsid -Icosahedral -4 Major protein VP1-VP4 Transcription: Cytoplasm Replication: Cytoplasm -Assembly in cytoplasm -Virus release through lysis Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: Viral isolation, and antibody titer. Treatment: Prevention with vaccination Killed (salk), attenuated (sabin) Notes: -Incubation varies avg 7-14 days, -Replicates in oropharynx and is then swallowed, then replicates in GI -Virus is trophic for CNS motor neurons -Paralytic polio occurs in less than 2% of infections. |
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Picornaviridae (enteroviruses)
-echovirus, and Enterovirus |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+) RNA virus
-Naked capsid -Icosahedral -4 Major protein VP1-VP4 Transcription: Cytoplasm Replication: Cytoplasm -Assembly in cytoplasm -Virus release through lysis Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: -Incubation varies, 2-10 days frequent -Inapparent is most common (most people have antibodies) -Can be severe in immunocompromised patients. -asceptic meningitis most common infection, most serious in infants -can be accompanied by encephalitis with neurologic sequelae -CAUSE THE MAJORITY OF NON BACTERIAL CNS INFECTIONS IN THE US |
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Picornaviridae (enteroviruses)
Cocksackie A&B |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+) RNA virus
-Naked capsid -Icosahedral -4 Major protein VP1-VP4 Transcription: Cytoplasm Replication: Cytoplasm -Assembly in cytoplasm -Virus release through lysis Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: -Incubation varies, 2-10 days frequent -Inapparent is most common (most people have antibodies) -asceptic meningitis most common infection, most serious in infants -can be accompanied by encephalitis with neurologic sequelae -CAUSE THE MAJORITY OF NON BACTERIAL CNS INFECTIONS IN THE US A=Exanthems (Rubella like rash), also caused by enterovirus 71. -Herpangia (vesicles in mouth) B= Myocarditis, pericarditis -can be lethal in infants -linked to Type I diabetes mellitus (GAD Protein in islet cells can cross react with virus antigens. -Epidemic myalgia (pleurodynia) |
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Poxviruses
Orthopoxvirus |
Morphology/Structure: DSDNA
-DNA core surrounded by lateral bodies (filled with needed replication factors) -very large -Brick or oval shaped -Enveloped -Very complex -Virus contains viral DNA dependent RNA pol, and DNA Polymerase Transcription: Replication: In cytoplasm Transmission: Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: |
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Poxviruses Orthopoxvirus
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Orthopoxvirus
-Variola Major -Variola Minor -Cowpox -Vaccinia -Monkeypox Parapoxviruses -Orf -Pseudocowpox -Molluscum contagiosum |
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Poxviruses
Orthopoxvirus Smallpox |
Morphology/Structure: DSDNA
-DNA core surrounded by lateral bodies (filled with needed replication factors) -very large -Brick or oval shaped -Enveloped -Very complex -Virus contains viral DNA dependent RNA pol, and DNA Polymerase Transcription: Replication: In cytoplasm -Acquires envelope in the cytoplasm, probably from the golgi Transmission: Inhalation of virus Diagnosis: Clinical picture, serology Treatment: Vaccinia virus (live attenuated vaccine) -Methisazone (marboran) Notes: Virus first replicates in respiratory tract epithelium, then spread to lymph nodes, then spread to target cells SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANES, AND INTERNAL ORGANS. 3-40% fatality |
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Sample
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Morphology/Structure:
Transcription/Replication: Transmission: Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: |
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Togavirus (alphavirus)
Western Equine Encephalitis |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito, western US Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Vaccine Notes: CX encephalitis, worse in children, severe in infants below 1yr. Mortality 5% |
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Togavirus (alphavirus)
Eastern Equine Encephalitis |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito, Eastern US Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Vaccine Notes: CX encephalitis, worse in children, severe in infants below 1yr. Seen on Atlantic coast down to South America. |
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Flavivirus
St. Louis Encephalitis |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Live attenuated Notes: Major cause of encephalitis in US. Morbidity and mortality highest in adults greater than 40 years old. TRANSMITTED BY CULEX TARSALIS |
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Flavivirus
Yellow Fever |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Live attenuated Notes: Distributed in Caribbean, Central, and South America. Can spread to US via urban infection. -CX abrupt fever, vomiting, possibly with hematemesis, jaundice (liver necrosis), shock, bradycardia |
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Flavivirus
Yellow Fever |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Notes: Distributed in Caribbean, Central, and South America. Can spread to US via urban infection. -CX abrupt fever, vomiting, possibly with hematemesis, jaundice (liver necrosis), shock) |
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Flavivirus
Dengue |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito (Aedes aegypti), urban and sylvatic. Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Notes: Wide distribution, found in central and south America along with Africa. -Fever, ERYTHEMATOUS RASH, severe back, muscle, and joint pain. In the Eastern part of the world, it has mutated into a severe hemorrhagic form. Risk to southwest. |
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Flavivirus
Japanese B. Encephalitis |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Not covered Notes: Prevalent in Eastern Asia, high number of subclinical infections, especially in children. Development of encephalitis is often severe and can be fatal. |
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Flavivirus
West Nile Virus |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito Diagnosis: leukopenia, elevated protein, CSF pleocytosis -serology, PCR -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Supportive Notes: Found in most parts of the world. First appeared in AZ in 2003. -Birds primary hosts -incubation avg 2-7 days (like most flaviviruses excluding Hep C. Causes: -Can be asymptomatic 80% West Nile Fever: 20% -mild case: fever, HA, myalgia, RASH IN HALF OF CASES. Pharyngitis, NV, abd pain -Children have milder symptoms Severe West Nile Disease (1 in 150) -can result in permanent neurological injury, poliomyolitis -See notes for all symptoms -Serious illness can occur in 50 or older an in the immunocompromised. DELTA32CCR5 homozygosity is associated with fatal outcomes. |
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Togavirus
Chikungunya Fever |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Mosquito Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Not covered Notes: Prevalent in Eastern Asia, Africa, and southern Europe. -Abrupt fever, excruciating muscle pain, symptoms last for one week, muscle pan can last for months. |
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Bunyavirus
California Virus (Arbovirus) |
Morphology/Structure: SS (-)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-spherical -Contains unique RNA Structure -three segments with individual nucleocapsids Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm -matures by budding with smooth surfaces vesicles, or near Golgi region of infected cells. Transmission: Mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Supportive Notes: Major distribution in midwest -highest attack rates between 5-18 years old -Characterized by abrupt onset of encephalitis and seizures. |
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Flavivirus
Pawassan |
Morphology/Structure: SS (+)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-Contains unique RNA Structure Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Tick, only known tick flavivirus Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Notes: Not significantly related to humans -species of North American, Canada |
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Bunyavirus (NON ARTHROPOD)
Hantavirus |
Morphology/Structure: SS (-)RNA, enveloped (contains hemagglutinin and lipoproteins)
-spherical -Contains unique RNA Structure -three segments with individual nucleocapsids Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm Transmission: Inhalation of animal excreta or contact with conjunctiva. Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Supportive, ribavirin Notes: Causes hemorrhagic fever, kidney failure, respiratory failure=mortality 67% -rodents infected (southwestern USA) |
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Reovirus
Colorado Tick Fever |
Morphology/Structure: DS Segmented RNA, unenveloped
-Small -spherical -Contains unique RNA Structure -three segments with individual nucleocapsids Transcription/Replication: Transmission: Tick Diagnosis: -Virus culture, Viremia in blood, Antibody test -Nucleic Acid genome - PCR -Detection of IgM antibody within few days of infection Treatment: Notes: Western US -Sudden onset with HA, muscle pain, fever, and occasionally encephalitis, leukopenia -Clinical illness in 1% of infections |
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Non Arthropod
Arenavirus |
Morphology/Structure: Segmented genome, two segments antisense SSRNA
-envelope -maturation by budding from host cell -contain host ribosomes Transcription/Replication: -Cytoplasm Transmission: Small rodents in which virus is sustained for long periods of time -aerosol spread -person to person spread via body fluids Diagnosis: -not covered Treatment: Notes: Most significant infection, hemorrhagic fever -LCMV (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) of mice, can also cause human infection. -Junin, Machupo, Lassa virus -Can cause myocarditis and hepatitis |
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Non Arthropod
Filovirus Marburg and Ebola Virus |
Morphology/Structure:
-Enveloped -SSRNA(-) -filamentous and pleomorphic Transcription/Replication: Similar to other (-)RNA viruses -rapid packaging -Maturation through budding -Short incubation, duration unknown Transmission: Green monkeys, rodents, person to person. Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: Found in several specimens without antibodies. Replication is too fast for immune system to produce antibodies before death. -Main targets are endothelial cells, mononuclear cells, hepatocytes -Flu like symptoms followed by bleeding from GI, coagulation and hematologic abnormalities. -Vascular integrity become compromised |
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Rhabdoviridae
Rhabies virus |
Morphology/Structure:
-Bullet shaped -enveloped (bilayer containing knoblike glycoproteins) -SS (-) RNA -Large virus -knoblike glycoprotein elicit hemagglutination and neutralization- inhibiting antibodies and cover the surface of virion. -strain heterogeneity Transcription/Replication: RNA dependent RNA Pol -replicates in gray matter and in muscles -incubation 10 days to a year Transmission: Bite by an infected animal or person Diagnosis: Treatment: Wash wound with a detergent, immune globulin, and attenuated vaccine (preventative) Notes:Produces encephalitis |
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a
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Morphology/Structure:
Transcription/Replication: Transmission: Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: |
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Reoviridae
Rotavirus |
Morphology/Structure:
-4 serotypes -small, spherical, wheel shaped -11 segment of DS RNA -double capsid (inner and outer) -outer VP4, VP7: targeted for neutralizing antibodies Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm -release through cell lysis -1-3 day incubation Transmission: Fecal oral, highly contagious Diagnosis: Detect virus in stool, Radio immuno assay, ELISA, EM, PCR Treatment: Supportive, live oral vaccine Notes: |
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Calcivirus
Norwalk Virus |
Morphology/Structure:
-4 serotypes -round and small -SS (+)RNA -Naked Capsuel Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm -1-2 day incubation Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: Not done usually, Radioimmunoassay, EM Treatment: Notes: |
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Astrovirus
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Morphology/Structure:
-5 or more serotypes -Star shaped, small, naked capsid -SSRNA (+) Transcription/Replication: Cytoplasm 1-2 day incubation Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: EM and PCR Treatment: Supportive Notes: Primarily infects children and the elderly in nursing homes. |
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Adenovirus
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Morphology/Structure:
-DS linear -naked capsid -cubic -small intestine infection Transcription/Replication: 8-10 day incubation -infects small intestine Transmission: Fecal oral Diagnosis: Treatment: Notes: Primarily a disease of young children |
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What are two other viruses that can cause diarrhea?
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Coronaviruses (some)
Coxsackie: in immunocompromised |
