Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The main function of humoral immunity it to prevent infection. How do secreted antibodies accomplish this task?
|
4 of them:
Neutralization of microbes and toxins Opsonization-phagocytosis of microbes Antibody-dependent cellular cytoxicity (ADCC) Complement activation (Lysis of microbes, Inflammation, Phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with C3b (activated complement fragment) ) |
|
|
Antibodies are made up of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 heavy and 2 light. How are these chains held together?
|
by noncovalent and disulfide bonds
|
|
|
What determines the Ig class of the antibody?
ie IgG or IgE, etc |
the heavy chain
|
|
|
What are the two types of light chains?
|
kappa and lambda.
|
|
|
The variable region of the antibody can undergo _ in order to accomodate a wider range of antigens
|
hypersomatic mutation
|
|
|
Proteolytic digestion by papain divides the antibody molecule up in what way?
|
Into two Fab molecules and one Fc.
Fc would be the stem of the Y and each Fab are the arms. |
|
|
What part of the antibody is responsible for initiating complement activity?
|
Fc
|
|
|
With _ antigens, B cells are able to become activated directly after binding to them.
|
Thymus independent antigens, or TI antigens
|
|
|
Thymus-dependent antigens Activates B cells in the _
|
secondary lymphoid tissues (ie lymph nodes
|
|
|
All B cells that come in contact with an antigen will produce antibodies. (T/F)
|
False
Only those rare B-cells capable of responding to a particular antigen will be induced to produce antibody ..Or they will become memory B-cells |
|
|
Somatic hypermutation occurs in _initiated by _
|
B cells..(specifically centroblasts)
T cell cytokines |
|
|
Centrocytes are (non/dividing), contain a _ surface immunoglobulin.
The population of centrocytes express immunoglobulins with _ for a specific antigen |
Nondividing
a Mutated surface a range of affinities |
|
|
On a peripheral blood smear, the "blue skirt effect" indicates what?
|
The lymphocyte is activated, and reacting to something.
* It is stretched, hugging the surrounding RBCs, with dark edges. |
|
|
In opsonization, _ receptors found on the macrophage and bind to that part of the antibody.
The _ part of the Ig binds to the bacterium |
Fc
Fab |
|
|
What is unique about the ADCC function of humoral immunity?
|
Antibodies target a cell surface associated antigen as opposed to something free floating.
|
|
|
All three pathways of the complement activation system meet up when protein _ gets cleaved into _ and _
|
C3
into C3b and C3a! |
|
|
After C3 gets cleaved in the complement activation pathways, C3a _, and C3b binds _ in a process called _
|
a attracts inflammatory cells
b binds pathogen surfaces, called complement fixation. This aids in opsonization |
|
|
Regarding the classical pathway of complement activation, the _ -_ complex cleaves C3. C3a goes _, and C3b _
|
C4b-C2a complex
C3a goes off attracting inflammatory mediators C3b binds to the surface of the microbe next to the other complex |
|
|
C3b will activate _, which will be cleaved into _ and _
The first is involved with _, the second _ |
C5, C5a and C5b
5a - also aids in inflammatory response 5b - combines with many others Cs and forms "MAC" which punches holes in cells |
|
|
The complement cascade has a "_" effect, as seen by the function of C5b, C6, C7, C8
|
lytic
Helps form the Membrane Attack Complex, which punches holes in the membrane and the cell lyses |
|
|
The first antibody that is usually produced is _ , and then can undergo _ to change.
|
IgM
class switching |
|
|
IgM is present in the _ and _, they are particularly good at binding _ due to its _
|
blood and extracellular fluids
large microorganisms large size *It is secreted as a pentamer, its large size prevents it from leaving the blood and penetrating the infected tissues. |
|
|
You will not find _ antibody in the placenta
|
IgM
it is too large to pass into the placenta. |
|
|
IgG is the _ (#) antibody produced in an immune response. It is the most prevalent antibody found in the _.
(T/F) It can cross the placental barrier |
2nd
blood! True, it can cross the placental barrier |
|
|
IgA has 2 forms, _ and _.
The latter protects the _ surfaces of the body, particularly _ How is it passed on from mom to baby? |
monomeric (fluids and tissues) and dimeric
epithelial surfaces, mucus membranes - nose through breast milk |
|
|
The primary antibody in breast milk is _, it provides
|
IgA
passive immunity |
|
|
The antibody involved with allergies is _,
it binds to _ receptors of mast cells...which is different than other antibodies; how? |
IgE
Fc, normally it is the Fab region that's binding. ? |
|
|
The humoral immune response is dependent on _ cells, by releasing cytokines _
|
T helper 2 cells. IL6 (this triggers differentiation of B cells into plasma cells)
|
|
|
Adaptive immune response is considered the _ line of defense
|
third
|
|
|
TH1 cells help _ and _ by _
TH2 help _ and they release _ |
macrophages and CD8 by producing cytokines ( IL 2, INFgamma, and Lymphotoxin)
B cells, IL4, 5, 10. |
|
|
(T/F) Antibodies are considered to be part of the innate immune response
|
FALSE
they are released from B cells...this is adaptive |
|
|
During a viral infection, the cell from the adaptive immunity who will take control is _.
If in the innate immune response, _ will take the upper hand |
CD8 - cytotoxic T cell response
NK cells |
|
|
Which immune response is most important?
|
INNATE
|
|
|
The first line of defense:
refers to _. The 2nd line is _ The 3rd line is _ |
surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers
innate (phagocytes) adaptive |
|
|
Recognition of microbes by macrophages before phagocytosis can occur either directly, by _, or indirectly, by _
|
Pattern recognition receptors
indirectly by receptors for complements |
|
|
TLR 4 and TLR 2 are for _.
|
lipopolysacchrides
TLR 2 is also for peptidoglycans, which are found on gram + bacteria |
|
|
TNF alpha is a very strong _ mediator, and is the focus of arthritis treatment.
It is good only when _ |
inflammatory
it is activated locally, NOT systemically -- it is the basis of septic shock |
|
|
CXCL8 is a very strong chemotactic factor for _
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
IL12 is important for
|
activation of NK cells
determining a t helper cell will become Th1. |
|
|
_, _ and _ are collectively called endogenous pyrogens.
They have two important functions, which are _ |
IL6, TNFalpha, and IL1
activate opsonization and complement activations |
|
|
MBL initiates the _pathway of complement activation
|
lectin
|
|
|
C reactive protein will not be present unless the body has _. which won't be present unless _
|
IL6
the body has inflammation |
|
|
_ component initiates the classical pathway of complement activation
|
C1q
|
|
|
ICAM is significantly upregulated during _
|
inflammation
|
|
|
What are the 4 steps for recruitment of the neutrophils to the site of infection?
|
1. rolling adhesion
2. tight binding 3. diapedesis 4. migration |
|
|
C5a and C3a are strong _ factors
|
chemotactic, they help attract inflammatory factors
|
|
|
Type 1 interferon includes _
type 2 interferons include _ |
alpha and beta
gamma |
|
|
inferferon alpha and beta are produced by _
|
the infected cell...not cells of the immune system
|
|
|
When an NK cell binds a healthy cell, the MHC complex is holding a self peptide. This...
1) Triggers a response in the NK 2) Does not trigger a response in the NK cell |
Triggers an Inhibitory response
When the cell is infected, there will be an altered MHC class one expression and there will be no signal in the NK cell...this results in release of toxic granules and killing of that cell |
|
|
NK Cells kill by releasing _ and _. The first does what?
The second activates the _ |
perforin and granulysin
activates endonuclease system and induces apoptosis |
|
|
The _ pathway of the complement activation is the first to occur.
|
alternate.
this is happening continuously |
|
|
classical pathway of complement activation requires _, and therefore takes how long to occur?
|
antibody from B cells (ie adaptive)
7 days |
|
|
What are the actions of the complements?
|
1. opsonization
2. lysis (through MAC) 3. Inflammation, mediated by C3a and C5a |
|
|
T cell activation occurs in _
|
secondary lymphoid tissues
this is where APCs present the processed antigen to specific T cells. |
|
|
_ and _ differentiate naive t cells into th1 cells.
Where are these released from? |
IL12 - coming from APCs, which stimulates NK cells to produce INFgamma
INFgamma - coming from NK cells |
|
|
Naive T cells bind to _ cells in the _
Effector T cells bind to _ in the _ |
high endothelial cells in the lymph node
vascular, inflammed endothelium in the site of infection. they do not bind in the lymph node. this is because the binding site is different. (healthy - expresses CD34, inflammed express VCAM and ICAM that bind to VLA4) |
|
|
VCAM 1 and ICAM 1 are expressed on _ endothelial cells. They bind _
|
activated vascular (inflammed)
Effector T cells (who express VLA4 and LFA1) |
|
|
Naïve T cells bind to the _, they express _, which binds to _ receptor in the lymph node.
|
high endothelium of the lymph node
L selectin CD34 |
