I And I

Front 1

What four features are diverse among microorganisms?

Back 1

Appearance
Metabolism
Physiology
Genetics

Front 2

Bacteria have rigid cell walls usually composed of ______

Back 2

peptidoglycan

Front 3

What domain is fungi considered?

Back 3

Eucarya

Front 4

Algae are considered a member of what domain?

Back 4

Eucarya

Front 5

The bacterial chromosome is present in what form?

Back 5

Super coiled (twisted)

Front 6

Where is the bacterial chromosome located?

Back 6

The Nucleoid. a discreet, gel-like region

Front 7

What are plasmids?

Back 7

Smaller, circular pieces of double stranded DNA.

They are antibiotic resistant and can be transferred from one bacterium to another which explains the increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance.

Front 8

Plasmids are ___ resistant, and ___ producing.

Back 8

antibiotic resistant, toxin producing

Front 9

The increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance is due to copies of ____ that are transferred from one bacterium to another

Back 9

plasmids

Front 10

The bacterial ribosome is the site of ___ synthesis, and consists of what subunits?

Back 10

protein synthesis

30 S and 50 S (combine to form 70S). This is different than eukaryotic ribosomes which are 80S

Front 11

Where is the ETC found in bacteria?

Back 11

On the cytoplasmic membrane

Front 12

The structure of the cell membrane with its dynamic nature is called the

Back 12

“fluid mosaic model”

Front 13

What is the major component of the cell wall?
What are the two alternating subunits?

Back 13

Peptidoglycan

NAM (N acteylmuramic acid) and NAG (N acetylglucosamine)

Front 14

Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria are classified based on what?

Back 14

Cell Walls. BC of the cell wall, they will stain differently in the gram stain

Front 15

What are the steps in the gram stain?

Back 15

1. Crystal Violet (primary stain), stains cell purple
2. Iodine (mordant), all cells stay purple.
3. Alcohol. Gram Negative cells loose color while gram positive cells stay purple
4. Safarin. Stains gram negative cells pink/red

Front 16

Gram positive cells stain ____, while gram negative cells stain ___.

Back 16

Purple
Red / Pink

Front 17

The Prominent component of gram-positive cell walls is _____. This sticks out above the ______ and is ____ charged.

Back 17

teichoic acid

peptidoglycan layer

Negatively charged. (this gives the cell negative polarity)

Front 18

The peptidoglycan layer of gram negative cells is located between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane in a region is called the ______.
It is filled with a gel-like fluid called the_____

Back 18

periplasmic space
periplasm

Front 19

The outer membrane of gram negative cells is composed of ____.

Back 19

lipopolysaccharides.

The presence of this outer membrane makes gram negative cells resistant to many antimicrobial medications.

Front 20

What makes gram negative cells resistant to many antimicrobial medications?

Back 20

The outer membrane

This membrane is composed of lipopolysacchrides

Front 21

Lipopolysacchrides are composed of what?

Back 21

Lipid A (anchors LPS to lipid bilayer)

O-specific polysacchride side chain (used in identification)

Front 22

What structure in the gram negative cell wall is responsible for the body's ability to recognize the presence of invading bacteria?

Back 22

Lipid A (found in the LPS of the outer membrane)

Front 23

___ anchors LPS to the lipid bilayer, and ____ is used in identification. Both of these structures are components of lipopolysacchrides

Back 23

Lipid A

O specific polysaccharide side chain.

Front 24

Large amounts of LPS in the blood can cause _____

Back 24

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

(Inappropriate activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis)

Front 25

Name some exceptions to the gram stain

Back 25

Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma

Front 26

What are other names for the glycocalyx?

Back 26

Slime and Capsule

Front 27

Some types of capsules, slime layers enable bacteria to adhere to surfaces, developing communities called ___

Back 27

biofilms

Front 28

What are the parts of a flagellum?

Back 28

Filament – portion that extends into the outside environment

Hook – connects the filament to the cell surface

Basal body – anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

Front 29

Pili that enable attachment of cells to specific surfaces are called ____

Back 29

fimbriae

Front 30

Fimbriae have at their tips (or alongside) protein molecules called ____

Back 30

adhesins.

These will attach to specific molecules

Front 31

What are fimbriae?

Back 31

The pili that enable attachment of cells to specific surfaces

Front 32

What is sporulation?

Back 32

The Process by which spores are formed.

Front 33

What are some famous endospore producers?

Back 33

Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
Clostridium perfringens (gangrene)
Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

Front 34

Harvesting energy from compounds requires a series of coupled ____ reactions

Back 34

redox

Front 35

Regarding redox reactions for energy, the electrons are eventually transferred to a compound (such as oxygen), called the _____

Back 35

terminal electron acceptor

Front 36

The transition step (with regards to central metabolis pathways) is from ___ to ___.

Back 36

glycolysis to TCA

Front 37

Glycolysis generates 2 ATP (by _______) and 2 NADH.

Back 37

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 38

In the transition step, an oxidation generates ___, ___ is removed, and ___ is added.

Back 38

NADH,
CO2 is removed,
coenzyme A is added

Front 39

What is the Chemiosmotic Theory?

Back 39

electron transport chain linked to ATP synthesis

Front 40

In Aerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is ____

Back 40

oxygen

Front 41

In Anaerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is ____

Back 41

some molecule other than oxygen (ie Nitrate and Sulfate)

Front 42

H Pylori is considered a ____ in reference to oxygen consumption

Back 42

microaerophiles

Front 43

____ of the ETC makes H2O while pumping 2 or 4 H+ across the membrane.

Back 43

Ubiquinol Oxidase

Front 44

What is the difference between closed and open systems in reference to bacterial cultures?

Back 44

Closed system – nutrient are not renewed, waste products are not removed

Open system – nutrients are added, waste products removed (maintains state of continuous growth)

Front 45

What are the two major categories of bacteria based on carbon source?

Back 45

Heterotrophs (utilize organic carbon)

Autotrophs (fix carbon dioxide) - they play a Major role in the cycling of carbon in the environment

Front 46

Where do chemotrophs get their energy from?

Back 46

harvest energy from metabolizing chemical compounds


Along with organic compounds such as sugars, prokaryotes are capable of obtaining energy from such compounds as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, iron

Front 47

_____ Derive energy from sunlight and fixes carbon dioxide to make organic compounds. Because these organic compounds are required by many organisms, this group is classified as _____

Back 47

Photoautotrophs

Primary producers

Front 48

_____ Utilize inorganic compounds for energy and fixes carbon dioxide to form organic compounds

Back 48

Chemolithoautotrophs


They are known in live in adverse environments where inorganic compounds are of abundance.

Front 49

Chemolithoautotrophs are considered ___, along with photoautotrophs

Back 49

primary producers

Front 50

Halophiles are ___ loving

Back 50

salt

Front 51

What are the phases of the growth curve?

Back 51

Lag phase
Exponential phase (or log phase)
Stationary phase
Death phase
Phase of prolonged decline

Front 52

The ____ phase occurs when cells have exhausted their supply of nutrients

Back 52

stationary

Front 53

What is the subunit called that is found on RNA polymerase that recognizes the promoter region?

Back 53

Sigma factor

Front 54

RNA is synthesized in the _ to _ direction

Back 54

5' to 3'

Front 55

Translation requires 3 major components, what are they?

Back 55

mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNAs

Front 56

tRNA contains an ____, which codes for a particular amino acid

Back 56

anticodon

Front 57

Genetic transfer between bacteria is accomplished by three mechanisms, what are they?

Back 57

DNA mediated transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

Front 58

___ is when DNA is transferred as "naked DNA"

Back 58

DNA mediated transformation

Front 59

___ is when bacterial DNA is transferred by a virus

Back 59

transduction

Front 60

___ is when DNA is transferred from one cell to another by direct contact

Back 60

Conjugation

Front 61

In generalized transduction, Only ___ DNA is present in the transducing virions

Back 61

bacterial

Front 62

What is the difference between viral progeny in specialized transduction and viral progeny in generalized transduction?

Back 62

In specialized, all viral progeny have some bacterial DNA with it. This little piece of bacteria renders the virus useless.
In generalized, most viral progeny is normal except one which contains only bacterial DNA

Front 63

Conjugation involves the transfer of an extra circular piece of DNA called a ____

Back 63

plasmid

Front 64

Streptococci, Neisseria, Moraxella and other bacteria found in the human intestinal tract are considered ___ and ___ ___.

Back 64

facultative and strict anaerobes

Front 65

___ are a set of criteria for determining the cause of a disease

Back 65

Koch's Postulates

Front 66

A ____ pathogen is a microbe that is able to cause disease in an otherwise healthy individual.

Back 66

Primary

Front 67

A ___ pathogen is a microbe that is only able to cause disease when the host's innate or adaptive defenses are compromised, or when introduced into an unusual location

Back 67

Opportunistic

(such as pseudopneumonas)

Front 68

___ is the degree of pathogenicity of an organism

Back 68

Virulence

Front 69

Intestinal bacteria that can manufacture vitamin K and B vitamins in exchange for a compatible environment are an example of what type of host-microbe interaction?

Back 69

Mutualism

Front 70

Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridrium are an example of what type of host-microbe interaction? In this case, Staph uses oxygen, and clostridium will benefit after all the oxygen is consumed?

Back 70

Commensalism

An association in which one partner benefits but the other remains unharmed

Front 71

What is parasitism?

Back 71

An association in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism.

Front 72

What are the basic steps for which microbes have to do in order to cause disease?

Back 72

Breach (some sort of Barrier)
Evade (immune systems)
Replicate (spread)
Transmission (from one host to another)

Front 73

How does Streptolysin O damage the host cell?

Back 73

By releasing exotoxins that insert into membranes forming pores

Front 74

Membrane damaging toxins include ___, that remove the polar heads of phospholipids.

Back 74

phospholipases

Front 75

What are helminths?

Back 75

Multicellular eukaryotic (metazoa) infectious agents. They are worms

Front 76

How are protozoa classified?

Back 76

on the basis of mode of reproduction and locomotive organelles

Front 77

What are some examples of rhizopods?
What are the organelles of locomotion for this class of protozoa?
How does this protozoa reproduce?

Back 77

Entamoeba histolytica
Acanthamoeba spp.

Pseudopods

Binary fission

Front 78

What are some examples of Ciliates?
What are the organelles of locomotion for this class of protozoa?
How does this protozoa reproduce?

Back 78

Balantidium coli
Cilia
Binary Fission

Front 79

What are some examples of flagellates?
What are the organelles of locomotion for this class of protozoa?
How does this protozoa reproduce?

Back 79

Giardia lambia
Trichomonas vaginalis

Flagella

Binary Fission

Front 80

What are some examples of soprozoa?
What are the organelles of locomotion for this class of protozoa?
How does this protozoa reproduce?

Back 80

Plasmodium spp
Toxoplasma gondii

No organelles of locomotion

Reproduces via schizogony/sporogony

Front 81

What type of protozoa is a kinetoplastid?
What special characteristics do they have?

Back 81

A flagellate protozoa

Characteristics: the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body
a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body

Front 82

What are some examples of Kinetoplastids?

Back 82

Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness)

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)

Leishmania spp (Leishmaniais)

Front 83

Flagellates divide by ___

Back 83

longitudinal binary fission

Front 84

Ciliates divide by ___

Back 84

transverse binary fission

Front 85

How are helminths classified?

Back 85

on the basis of body & alimentary tract configuration, nature of the reproductive system, number of intermediate hosts required to complete the life cycle.

Front 86

A round worm, aka ___ is _ shaped, has a _ alimentary tract, and all but ___ are considered ____.

Back 86

Nematode
spindle shaped
tubular
schistosoma group
hermaphrodite

Front 87

A tapeworm, aka ___ has a head with a _ body, it has _ alimentary tract, _ sexes, and _ intermediate hosts.

Back 87

cestode
segmented body
no
separate sexes
one

Front 88

A fluke, aka __ is _ shaped with __. It has a _ alimentary tract, _ intermediate hosts, and are ____

Back 88

trematode
leaf shaped with oral and ventral suckers
blind,
2,
hermaphroditic

Front 89

Scolex is an example of a ___

Back 89

Cestode

Front 90

Loa Loa, round worm, and woucherarria spp are examples of ____

Back 90

nematodes

Front 91

Schistosoma, and E granulosus are examples of ___

Back 91

trematodes

Front 92

What bug is associated with Babesiosis?

Back 92

Ticks

Front 93

What bug is associated with Chaga disease?

Back 93

Riduviid Bug

Front 94

What bug is associated with Loa Loa (eye worm)?

Back 94

Crysops fly

Front 95

What is the common name for Dermatobia hominis? What does this parasite do?

Back 95

Bot fly

It is a type of myiasis that lays their larvae in wounds.

Front 96

How can you classify hosts based on the life cycle of a parasite?

Back 96

Definitive and Intermediate

Front 97

Plasmodium (malaria) is transmitted from human to human by the bite of a mosquito. Which is the definitive host, and which is the intermediate host?

Back 97

Mosquitos are the definitive,
Humans are the intermediate

Front 98

Parasitic infections tend to be (acute/chronic) and _ term.

Back 98

Chronic
Long term

Front 99

What is the most common parasitic infection world wide?

Back 99

Intestinal round worms (1.4 Billion)

Front 100

What are the biggest parasitic killers?

Back 100

Malaria (2.1 million)
Round worm and hookworms

Front 101

Trichinella species can be found is what type of tissue?

Back 101

muscle

Front 102

Onchocerca species can be found in what type of tissue?

Back 102

skin

Front 103

__ are used to detect P falciparum, T. Cruzi, T brucei, Oncocerca spp, and agents of lymphatic filariasis.

Back 103

DNA probe

Front 104

Antihelminthic drugs compromise the worms __ pathways or _ function.

Back 104

glycolytic pathways

neuromuscular function

Front 105

Sexual reproduction of protozoas is mediated by _ followed by _

Back 105

fusion of gametes

chromosomal recombination

Front 106

what is the ideal chemotherapeutic drug like?

Back 106

- effective in a single dose

■ easily administered

■ safe enough to be dispensed with limited medical supervision

■ relatively inexpensive to be widely used