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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the hypothalamus pituitary loop?
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It is where the nervous, endocrine and circulatory systems interface
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What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
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Melatonin, which regulates circadium rhythm cycles. Makes us drowsy, low levels around 12pm |
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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Controls the secretion of hormones which in their turn control the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and the gonads.
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What part of the pituitary does the hypothalamus control?
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The anterior pituitary hormone release
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Name the two types of hormones released from the pituitary gland |
5 Releasing Hormones 2 Inhibiting Hormones |
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Name the 5 releasing hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
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Thyroid Releasing Hormone Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Prolactin Releasing Hormone/Factor Growth Hormone Releasing Factor |
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Name the 2 inhibiting hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
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Prolactin inhibiting Hormone Growth Hormone inhibiting hormone |
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What is TRH and what does it do?
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Thyroid Releasing Hormone Stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
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What is CRH and what is its purpose?
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Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Turns on ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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What is GnRH and what does it do?
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Turns on Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Turns on Lutenizing Hormone (LH) |
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What is PRH and what is its purpose?
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Prolactin Releasing Hormone Turns on Prolacting |
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What is GHRH and what does it do?
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Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Turns on growth hormone |
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What is PIH and what does it do?
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Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone Turns of prolactin |
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What is GHIH and what is its pupose?
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone Turns of Growth Hormone |
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What are tropic hormones?
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Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Tropic Hormones usually act in the beginning of the reaction, stimulating other endocrine glands to release non tropic hormones.
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What are non-tropic hormones?
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Hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects
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What are examples of non-tropic hormones? |
Prolactin Oestrogen Testosterone Oxytocin Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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What does TSH do?
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Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
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What does ACTH do?
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Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids: aldosterone and cortisol
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What does FSH do?
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Stimulates follicle growth and ovarian oestrogen production Stimulates sperm production and androgen binding-protein |
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What does LH do?
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Has a role in ovulation and the growth of the corpus luteum Stimulates androgen secretion by interstitial cells in testes |
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What does GH do?
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Stimulates growth of skeletal epiphyseal plates and body to synthesize protein
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What does PRL do?
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Stimulate mammary glands in breast to make milk
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What does Melanocyte stimulating Hormone (MSH) do?
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Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin (pigmentation of skin)
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Name the hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
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Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin |
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What is ADH and what does it do?
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Antidiuretic Hormone aka vasopressin Stimulates the kidneys to reclaim more water from the urine. Raises blood pressure |
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What is Oxytocin and what is its purpose?
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Oxytocin prompts contraction of smooth muscle in reproductive tracts, in females initiating labour and ejection of milk from breasts.
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What are the 5 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus?
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GHRH PRH GnRH TRH CRH |
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What are the 2 inhibing hormones from the hypothalamus?
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PIH GHIH |
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Where is the hypothalamus located?
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Lies under the thalamus Forms the floor and part of the roof of the third ventricle (space in the brain) |
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What kind of tissue is the hypothalamus?
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Brain tissue, therefore its neural or nervous tissue
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
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Hangs below the hypothalamus and its connected to it by the infundibilum
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What are the functions of the posterior pituitary gland?
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Functions as a storage silo Secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus Known as the neurohyphopysis |
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Name the two stored hormones secreted by the pituitary gland |
Oxytoxin ADH |
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How many inhibiting hormones affect the posterior pituitary gland?
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None
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Name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland
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The pituitary gland only stores hormones, it does not produce any hormones.
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What does the pituitary gland contain?
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Axon terminals from which hormones are released
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What are the two nuclei that are inside the hypothalamus?
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Paraventricular Nucleus and Supraoptic Nucleus |
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What hormone does the Paraventricular nucleus produce?
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Oxytocin
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What hormone does the Supraoptic Nucleus produce?
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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What kind of hormones are Oxytocin and Antiduiretic Hormone?
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Protein Hormones
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How do Oxytocin and ADH differ?
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They are very similar and only differ in two amino acids. Isoleucine replaces phenalynine Leucine replaces arginine |
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What does Oxytocin's purpose?
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Stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the pregnant uterus and contractile cells in the surrounding milk ducts in the mammary glands
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When is Oxytocin released?
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When the Paraventricular nucleus is stimulated
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What causes stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus?
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Stretch receptors in the cervix send impulses to the brain which cause production and release of oxytocin
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Oxytocin works by what type of feedback? |
Positive feedback
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Which cells contract to let down milk?
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Myoepithelial cells
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Suckling on the breast, brings about the production and release of which hormone?
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Oxytocin
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Why are mothers encouraged to breast feed straight away after giving birth?
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The release of oxytocin causes the uterus to contract and return to its pre-pregnant size and shape. This greatly reduces the incidence of haemorrhage in the mother
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What does Antidiuretic Hormone do?
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Reduces the amount of urine produced Raises Blood Pressure |
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How does ADH reduce the amount of urine produced?
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Acts on distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons Makes them more permeable to water, hence water absorbtion is facilitated |
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How does ADH raise blood pressure?
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By causing constriction of the arterioles following haemmorrhage
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What stimulates the production of ADH from the Supraoptic Nucleus?
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An increase in the plasma concentration of solutes (increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood)
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Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect and increase in osmotic pressure in the blood and reacts by producing and releasing which hormone?
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ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
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How does ADH act on dehydration?
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By retaining water in the body and reducing the rate of perspiration formation
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Name six influences which may induce production and release of ADH?
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Blood Loss Stress Anxiety Pain Acetylcholine Some drugs and anaesthetics |
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What inhibits the secretion of ADH?
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Alcohol is a diuretic and accompanies increased urine secretion and dehydration Coffee increases urine outpute by increasing the G.F.R |
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What is Diabetes Insipidus?
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A pathological condition which results from the hyposecretion of ADH
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What may be the cause of Diabetes insipidus?
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A head injury that caused damage to the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland. Surgical Trauma Vascular Injury (bleeding within the brain Brain Tumour |
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What are the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?
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Passing large amounts of dilute urine. Up to 30 litres per day Severe Dehydration & thirst |
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What is the treatment of Diabetes insipidus?
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Desmopressin, a nasal spray of Antidiuretic Hormone. Can also be given by injection |
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How are releasing hormones from the hypothalamus transported to the anterior pituitary gland?
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Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. A direct circulatory system between the hyothalamus and the anterior pituitary |
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What type of hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?
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Tropic Hormones
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Name a few examples of tropic hormones
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TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: a thyrotropin FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone: a gonadotropin ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: a corticotropin |
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Name a few examples of non tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary
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Prolactin Growth Hormone |
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What controls the production & secretion of releasing and release inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus?
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Signals from other parts of the brain, such as endogenous rhythms, environmental stimuli and stresses. Operation of an endocrine related Negative Feedback system. |
