Hypothalamus And Pituitary Hormone

Front 1

Biosynthesis
1.) Where are pituitary and hypothalamus hormones synthesized?

Back 1

In the POSTERIOR pituitary and hypothalamus

Front 2

Storage
1.) Where are pituitary and hypothalamus hormones stored?

Back 2

In large peptides

Front 3

Release
1.) How are pituitary and hypothalamus hormones released? (2)

Back 3

Peptide cleavage from proteases and peptidases

Front 4

Degradation
1.) how are pituitary and hypothalamus hormones degraded/metabolized?

Back 4

Via hydrolysis/ proteolytic degradation

Front 5

The 3 ways hormone RELEASE is controlled

Back 5

1.) Stimulatory signals
2.) Inhibitory signals
3.) Feedback inhibition

Front 6

Stimulatory signals
a.) come from (2)
b.) indication

Back 6

a.) ANTERIOR pituitary and hypothalamus
b.) "go" release hormones

Front 7

Inhibitory signal
a.) come from
b.) indication

Back 7

a.) hypothalamus
b.) "stop" release hormones

Front 8

feedback inhibition
a.) definition

Back 8

This is when the end product makes a steroid product to stop the synthesizing organ from making a hormone signal

Front 9

Role of circulatory system

Back 9

Transports hormones to the end product

Front 10

Nomenclature
a.) hypothalamic releasing factor
b.) hypothalamic inhibitory factor
c.) anterior stimulating factor

Back 10

a.) liberin
b.) statin
c.) tropin

Front 11

Tropin

Back 11

anterior stimulating factor

Front 12

Statin

Back 12

Hypothalamic inhibitory factor

Front 13

Liberin

Back 13

Hypothalamic releasing factor

Front 14

Chain of command: Thyroid hormone
1.) Hypothalamus
2.) Anterior Pituitary
3.) End organ + hormone

Back 14

Thyroid hormone
1.) Hypothalamus - TRH (thyroliberin)
2.) Anterior pituitary - TSH (thyrotropin)
3.) End organ - Thyroid hormone: T3/T4

Front 15

Chain of command: Reproductive hormones (x2)
a.) Hypothalamus
b.) Anterior Pituitary
c.) End organ + hormone

Back 15

Reproductive hormones (x2)
a.) Hypothalamus - FSH-RH and LH-RH
b.) Anterior pituitary - FSH and LH
c.) End organ - Ovaries and Tests: Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone

Front 16

How are pituitary and hypothalamic hormones used therapeutically? (2)

Back 16

1.) To treat diseases (growth, cancer, infertility) by acting as hormone replacement therapy
2.) As a diagnostic tool to see if the hormones are produced in the right amount

Front 17

Oxytocin
a.) indication
b.) type of hormone

Back 17

Oxytocin
a.) induce labor, eject millk
b.) posterior pituitary hormone

Front 18

Vasopressin
a.) indication (2)
b.) type of hormone

Back 18

a.) water resorption; vasoconstriction in diabetes insipidus
b.) pituitary hormone

Front 19

Indications of desmopressin (4)

Back 19

1.) Antidiuretic for diabetes insipidus
2.) management polyuria from head trauma
3.) management excessive bleeding from patients with hemophilia A
4.) von Williebrand disease

Front 20

3 types of pituitary hormones

Back 20

1.) oxytocin
2.) vasopressin
3.) desmopressin

*also lypressin, terlipressin

Front 21

TRH
a.) origin
b.) MOA
c.) SAR (3) + characteristics of each
d.) antagonist

Back 21

TRH - Thyrotropin RELEASING hormone
a.) hypothalamus
b.) binds to anterior pituitary to cause TSH release, which goes to the thyroid gland to make T3/T4
c.) pGlu-His-Pro-NH2. The amide on the pyroglutamic acid is for H-bonding. The histidine is flat and basic for binding. The c-terminal amide is for stability from carboxypeptidases and participates in H-bonding
d.) replace histidine with phenylalanine

Front 22

Ovulation
a.) hypothalamus
b.) anterior pituitary
c.) end organ

Back 22

a.) hypothalamus releases Gn-RH/ LH-RH, which goes to the anterior pituitary
b.) anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH, which go to the ovaries
c.) ovaries make estrogen and progesterone

Front 23

Feedback mechanism of ovulation (hormones + targets)

Back 23

Estrogen and progesterone target the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Front 24

Spermatogenesis
a.) hypothalamus
b.) anterior pituitary
c.) end organ

Back 24

a.) hypothalamus releases Gn-RH/LH-RH to the anterior pituitary
b.) anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH to the testes
c.) testes make testosterone

Front 25

Feedback mechanism of spermatogenesis (hormone and target)

Back 25

Testosterone targets the testes

Front 26

D-amino acid
a.) incorporation causes antagonist activity and which hormone? (2)
b.) incorporation causes increased intrinsic activity, potency, and duration and on which hormone?

Back 26

D-amino acid
a.) switch D-cysteine from L-cysteine in posterior pituitary hormone (oxytocin) = antagonist; hypothalamic LH-RH antagonist (D-Phe on 2 position)
b.) switch D-Phe (or other hydrophobic aa) from glycine6 on LH-RH increases intrinsic activity and binding by tightening the "U" of the Type-II beta-turn. Super agonist

Front 27

Which hormone has a pGlu-His-Pro-NH2 sequence?

Back 27

Hypothalamic hormones: TRH

Front 28

Which hormone involves cyclic nonapeptide?

Back 28

Posterior pituitary hormones (Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Desmopressin)

Front 29

Which hormone is involved with type-II beta turn?

Back 29

hypothalamic hormone LH-RH

Front 30

How to tighten the U-turn on LH-RH

Back 30

Replace the Glycine6 with D-amino acid that is hydrophobic (D-phenylalanine). Tightening the space between the N-terminus and C-terminus increases intrinsic activity, duration, potency, binding. Super agonist

Front 31

How to widen the U-turn of LH-RH

Back 31

Replace the Glycine6 with L-amino acid. Widening the distance between N-terminus and C-terminus decreases binding

Front 32

What do you call an LH-RH analog that is more potent than the endogenous LH-RH?

Back 32

Super agonist

Front 33

super agonist LH-RH
a.) MOA
b.) indication (2)

Back 33

a.) LH-RH super agonist binds tightly to the LH-RH receptor on the anterior pituitary, causing a release of FSH and LH. This goes to the ovaries to increase production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Then the LH-RH receptors in the anterior pituitary sense over-saturation and get down-regulated, resulting in decrease of FSH and LH
b.) this is good to stop tumors or treat infertility (stop patient's hormones so doctor can take over and start hormone treatment)

Front 34

What position is important for super agonists to work?

Back 34

6 position of the LH-RH analog. Replace it with a hydrophobic D-amino acid

Front 35

LH-antagonist
a.) position 1
b.) position 2
c.) position 3
d.) position 10

Back 35

a.) position 1 is hydrophobic for increased transport into cell membranes. It also has N-blocked amino acid to protect it from aminopeptidase
b.) position 2 is hydrophobic for increased transport into cell membranes. It also has a aromatic D-amino acid for antagonist activity
c.) position 3 has D-amino acid to protect from aminopeptidase
d.) position 10 switches glycine to D-amino acid to protect from carboxypeptidase

Front 36

Main components of an LH-RH antagonist (2)

Back 36

Hydrophobic, D-amino acid, especially cyclic D-Phe on 2 position

Front 37

LH-RH super agonist
a.) onset
b.) receptor
c.) permanence
d.) duration

Back 37

a.) decreases stimulatory response within 4 weeks
b.) down-regulation of receptors
c.) reversible castration for desired conditions
d.) short-lived flare upon use

Front 38

LH-RH antagonist
a.) onset
b.) receptor
c.) permanence
d.) duration

Back 38

a.) gonadal suppression within hours
b.) no downregulation of receptors (unlike super agonists)
c.) when withdrawn, rapid restoration of gonadal function
d.) needs to be constantly present to suppress gonad function

Front 39

Somatostatin
a.) hormone
b.) roles (3)
c.) indication (2)

Back 39

Somatostatin
a.) hypothalamic hormone
b.) inhibits GH secretion, decreases TSH, regulates insulin and glucagon
c.) acromegaly, tumors

Front 40

Bone-growth
a.) hypothalamus
b.) anterior pituitary
c.) target organ

Back 40

a.) GH-RH comes from hypothalamus, goes to anterior pituitary
b.) GH secretes from anterior pituitary
c.) epiphyses/ ends of the long bone = growth

Front 41

1,2,3 10 positions

Back 41

LH-RH antagonist