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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 steps in soil erosion processes? |
detachment, entrainment, transport, deposition |
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what are the physical parameters of water quality? (5) |
temperature, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, suspended solids, turbidity |
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explain temperature as a physical property of water equality |
controlling factor in the rate of chemical reactions -warm water increases the rate that material may be dissolved in water systems -solubility of water to dissolved gases decreases with increasing temperature |
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explain dissolved solids as a physical property of water equality |
-TDS - water is an effective solvent: type and amount of mater dissolved depends on the water path and chemistry of medium (eg. salinity) |
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explain electrical conductivity as a physical property of water equality |
- ability of water to conduct electrical current -proportional to the concentration of dissolved ions |
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explain suspended solids as a physical property of water equality |
-transport of suspended solids is part of the erosion and deposition process -related to water velocity and make up of channel (bed) - TSS will vary in space and time- affects availability of light, and affects habitat and fauna - affects Oxygen concen. -seasonally variable |
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explain turbidity as a physical property of water equality. What is used to measure this? |
-related to TSS -measure of the cloudiness, or transparancy of water -Secchi disk- measures optical clairty of deep water bodies |
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what are the chemical parameters of water equality ? (6) |
ph and alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, trace organics, nitrogen compounds, phosphates |
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explain ph as a chemical parameter of water equality |
- acidity of water is proportional to the conc of H+ -Log scale between 1 (acidic) and 14(basic) - rain is ph <7 (neutral) - affected by substrate (peat or organics will lower ph) - CaCO3 based material will raise ph ph <6 or >10 is bad |
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explain alkalinity as a chemical parameter of water equality |
-measure of the capacity to absorb H+ without a change in ph -buffering capacity of solution -largely based on the concentration of bicarbonate and carbonate ions -affects the concentration of dissolved CO2 |
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explain dissolved oxygen of a chemical parameter of water equality |
-factors affecting: temp, pressure(a rise=rise in solubility), flow regime (turbulent flow=rise in DO), biological processes (Photosyn. increases DO; respiration decreases DO) |
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what is hypoxia and anoxia? |
hypoxia: deprived of adequate oxygen supply anoxia: total depletion of oxygen |
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explain biochemical oxygen demand as a chemical parameter of water equality |
- measure of the oxygen required by bacteria to break down organic matter in water |
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explain trace organics as a chemical parameter of water equality |
-hundreds and largely related to human activity -harmful -cover a range of pesticides/herbicides, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons -transport and solubility depend on temp (EX. PHOSPHOROUS) |
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what are the impacts of warmer winters on hydrology and what does this mean for nitrogen? |
-more rain=less snow, thinner snowpacks, earlier spring melt - shifts from spring export to winter export of N -rain events have a greater impact on nitrate than other solutes |
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rain events are associated with ___ . that impacts fish and other aquatic biology |
episodic acidification |
