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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Air in lung after maximal expiration
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Residual Volume (RV)
(can't be measured on spirometry) |
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Air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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Air that moves into lung with each quiet inspiration
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Tidal Volume (TV; ~500mL)
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Air in excess of TV that moves into the lungs on maximum inspiration.
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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TV+IRV+ERV
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Vital Capacity (VC)
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Volume in lungs after normal expiration (RV+ ERV)
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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IRV+TV
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
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IRV+TV+ERV+RV
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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Primary (Idiopathic) Pulmonary Hypertension is due to a mutation in what gene?
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BMPR2 gene (normally functions to inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation)
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What is the course of someone who has pulmonary hypertension?
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They get respiratory distress--> cyanosis and RVH--> death from decompensated Cor Pulmonale
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What drug is used to tx pulmonary hypertension?
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Bosentan (p.516 FA)
DIT: PG analogue, Sildenafil, Dihydropyridine CCB |
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What are the four obstructive lung diseases (COPD)?
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Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma, Bronchiectasis
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What is the pathology in chronic bronchitis. Is it a restrictive or obstructive disease?
Findings? |
There is hypertrophy of mucus-secreting glands in the bronchioles, reflected in the Reid index>50%. This is a obstructive disease.
Findings: productive cough (for more than 3 months in greater than or equal to 2 years), wheezing, crackles, cyanosis (Blue Bloater), late-onset dyspnea. |
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What is the pathology in emphysema. Is it a restrictive or obstructive disease?
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There is enlargement of air spaces and decreased recoil due to destruction of alveolar walls. Barrel-shaped chest.
Obstructive. |
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What are the two types of emphysema? What are the differences in pathology?
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Centriacinar (caused by smoking; central acinar damaged) and Panacinar (entire acinar destroyed, due to alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency--> incr elastase activity).
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Why do people with emphysema exhale through pursed lips?
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In order to increase the airway pressure and prevent airway collapse.
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What are the findings in emphysema?
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Dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, tachycardia, late-onset hypoxemia due to eventual loss of capillary beds with the loss of alveolar walls.
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Tx for an acute asthma attack? For long-term and prophylaxis?
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Albuterol for Acute.
Salmeterol for long-acting and Px |
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What is the 1st line therapy for chronic asthma?
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Corticosteroids: Beclomethasone, prednisone
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What are the two components of asthma that are targeted for treatment?
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Bronchoconstriction and Inflammation
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What is bronchiectasis?
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Chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi resulting in permanently dilated airways, purulent sputum, recurrent infections, and hemoptysis.
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What is bronchiectasis associated with?
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Bronchial obstruction
Cystic Fibrosis Poor ciliary motility Kartagener's Syndrome Can develop aspergillosis |
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What are some of the types and causes of restrictive lung diseases?
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Poor breathing mechanics (including structural i.e. scoliosis, and paralytic i.e. MG or polio).
Interstitial Lung Diseases i.e. ARDS, Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, Pneumoconises, Sarcoidosis, Goodpasture's, Wegener's granulomatosis, Eosinophilic granuloma, drug toxicity |
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Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine is...?
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Surfactant
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