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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
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A,E,D,K
**"KADE" |
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What is a compound that can be converted into an active vitamin?
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Vitamin A
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Pigment materials in fruits and vegetables that range in color from yellow to orange to red.
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Carotenoids
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Orange pigment found in plants
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Beta-carotene
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Chemically related compounds with biological activity similar to that of retinol. Which Vitamin?
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Retinoid
Vitamin A |
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What are the 3 roles of Vitamin A in the body?
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1. Promote vision
2. participate in protein synthesis and cell differentiation 3. support reproduction and growth. |
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What role does Vitamin A play in vision?
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Helps to maintain a clear outer window (cornea) and converts light energy into nerve impulses at the retina.
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What deficiencies are related to vitamin A?
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*Infectious disease
*Night blindness *Total blindness *Keratinization |
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What is the RDA of vitamin A for men? For women?
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Men: 900 ug RAE/day
Women: 700 ug RAE/day **UL= 3000 ug/day |
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What are the chief functions of Vitamin A in the body?
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Vision, maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin bone and tooth grown, reproduction
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What are some significant sources of Vitamin A?
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Retinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver
Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens, broccoli, deep orange fruits and vegetables |
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What is a deficiency disease related to Vitamin A?
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Hypovitaminosis A
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What are the symptoms of Hypovitaminosis A? (3)
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*Night blindness,corneal drying
*Grey spots on eye *softening of cornea |
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What toxicity disease is related to Vitamin A?
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HypERvitaminosis A (not hypOcitaminosis)
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What are the Chronic Toxicity symptoms of Hypervitaminosis A? The Acute Toxicity symptoms?
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Chronic: increased activity of osteoclasts (bone density,liver abnormalities,birth defects)
Acute:blurred vision, nauseam vomiting,pressure in skull |
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What is the skin percursor of Vitamin D?
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PREvitamin D
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What are other methods by which Vitamin D can enter the skin?
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By sunlight
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What deficiency disease is related to Vitamin D?
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Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in Adults |
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What are the symptoms of Rickets? (4)
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-bowing of legs
-deformed ribs -enlargement of head -enlargement of long bones |
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What are symptoms of Osteomalacia? (2)
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-soft,flexible,brittle, deformed bones
-pain in pelvis, lower back and legs. |
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What are the chief functions of Vitamin E in the body? (3)
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Antioxidant:
-Stabilize cell membranes -Regulate oxidation rxns -Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A |
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What are some significant sources of Vitamin E? (8)
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-polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine,shortening,salad dressing)
-leafy green vegetables -wheat germ -whole grain -liver -egg YOLK -nuts -seeds |
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What are the chief functions of Vitamin K?
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Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
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What are some significant sources of Vitamin K? (5)
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-Bacterial synthesis in digestive tract
-liver -leafy green vegetables -Cabbage-type vegetables -Milk |
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How much of the body is comprised of water?
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50-70%
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How much water does lean muscle tissue contain?
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~73%
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How much water does fat contain?
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~20%
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Fluid between the cells
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Interstitial
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Fluid within the blood stream and lymph
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Intravascular
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What are the chief functions of water? (5)
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-Metabolic processes
-Solvent -Body Temperature regulation -Removal of body waste -Amniotic fluid, joint lubricants, saliva, bile |
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*What 3 ways can water be excreted from the body?
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-Urine
-Water absorbes excess heat -Sweat |
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The passage of a solvent (water) through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated compartment to a more concentrated compartment.
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Osmosis
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What 2 hormones are involved in water and electrolyte balance?
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Antidiuretic(ADH) and Aldosterone
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A hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland and acts on the kidneys to cause a decrease in water excretion.
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Antidiuretic (ADH)
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A hormone produced in the adrenal gland that acts on the kidneys, causing them to retain water.
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Aldosterone
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Substances that break down into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current.
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Electrolytes
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What 3 things do electrolytes do?
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-Charge ions
-Attract water -Function to regulate water balance |
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What are the body's major electrolytes?
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Sodium, chloride and potassium
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Of the major electrolytes, which are extracellular and which are intracellular?
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Extracellular: sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
Intracellular: Potassium (K) |
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*Which 3 electrolytes cause nerve impulses?
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sodium, potassium (extra)
Calcium (intra?) |
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What is Hyponatremia?
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A decrease concentration of sodium in the blood that results in confusion, convulsions and death.
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What mineral is Hyponatremia associated with?
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Sodium
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What are minerals? (4 factors)
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-Inorganic substances
-Needed in tiny amounts -Not destroyed in cooking -Yields no energy |
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What are 2 examples of cofactors of minerals?
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Copper and selenium
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What is an example of mineral components of body compounds?
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Iron in hemoglobin (red blood cells)
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What are 2 examples of minerals for body growth and development?
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calcium and phosphorous
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What are the 3 minerals involved in water and electrolyte balance?
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Sodium, chloride and potassium
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Name the 7 Major Minerals
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-Calcium
-Chloride -Magnesium -Phosphorous -Potassium -Sodium -Sulfur (CCMPPSS) |
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Name the 9 Trace Minerals
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-Chromium
-Copper -Fluoride -Iodide -Iron -Manganese -Molybdenum -Selenium -Zinc (CCfIIMMSZ) |
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What is the difference between trace and major minerals?
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Trace: daily need <100mg
Major: Daily need >100mg |
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What regulates sodium balance
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Aldosterone
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What is the ratio of Na and Cl in table salt?
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Na= 40%
Cl= 60% |
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What is the daily value of sodium?
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2400 mg/day
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How much sodium is needed for the body?
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100 mg/day
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What diseases are related to an increase in sodium levels?
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High Blood Pressure
Uncontrolled Hypertension |
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What minerals can reduce blood pressure?
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Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca+)
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What minerals are involved in bone structure? (4)
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Phosphorous
Magnesium Fluoride Sodium |
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What are some chief functions of Calcium? (5)
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-Regulate muscle/muscle contraction
-Clot blod -Nerve impulses -Secrete hormones -Activate enzymes |
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Which mineral activates Calmoudulin, which relays messages from the cell surface to the inside of the cell, helping to mainting blood pressure.
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Calcium
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What is a deficiency related to Calcium?
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Osteoporosis
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What are significant sources of calcium? (4)
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-Dairy
-Kale, collard, mustard greens -Tofu (if made from calcium carbonate) -Canned fish |
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What are the chief functions of Phosphorous?
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-Mineralization of bones/teeth
-Genetic Material -Phospholipids,DNA,RNA,ATP -Used in energy transfer and buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance |
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What are significant sources of Phosphorous?
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Dairy (milk,cheese,yogurt)
Cereal,bran eggs nuts fish meat |
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What mineral is found in minimal amount in every cell?
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Iron
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What are significant sources of Iron? (4)
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Red meat
Enriched grain Fortified cereal Iron skillet |
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What is a poor source of iron?
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Milk
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What disease is related to Iron deficiency? symptoms?
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Anemia
Paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficulty breathing |
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Which vitamin enhances the absorption of Iron?
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C
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What are the chief functions of Iodide?
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A component of 2 thyroid hormones:
-Regulate growth -Regulate development -Regulate metabolic rate |
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What deficiency disease is related to Iodide? symptoms? (3)
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Goiter:
-underactive thyroid gland -goiter -mental/physical retardation |
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What are the chief functions of Copper? (2)
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-The absorption and use of iron in the form of hemoglobin
-Part of several enzymes |
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what deficiencies are related to copper?
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Anemia, bone abnormalities, Wilson's disease
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What are the 5 significant sources of Copper?
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Seafood
nuts whole grain seeds legumes |
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What do toxic levels of copper do to children?
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Liver damage (Wilson's disease)
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What are the chief functions of Zinc? (5)
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-Cofactor to enzymes
-synthsis of nucleic acid -Protein and alcohol metabolism -wound healing -develope sexual organs and bones |
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What are significant sources of zinc?
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-Animal products
-Shellfish -Legume,nut,wholegrain |
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What is a protein that binds and regulates the release of zinc and copper in intestinal and liver cells?
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Metallothionein
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