Hun1201

Front 1

Chemical processes in the body that provide energy in useful forms and sustain vital activities.

Back 1

Metabolism

Front 2

what are -C-C- bonds

Back 2

Fatty acid synthesis

Front 3

what are O
||
-C-N- bonds?

Back 3

protein synthesis

Front 4

what are -C-N- bonds?

Back 4

Urea synthesis

Front 5

what are -C-O- bonds?

Back 5

Triglyceride synthesis

Front 6

_____ pathways build compounds

Back 6

Anabolic

Front 7

Energy must be expended for ____ processes to take place.

Back 7

Anabolic

Front 8

______ pathways break down compounds into smaller units.

Back 8

Catabolic

Front 9

The complete catabolism of glucose results in the release of ______ and ______

Back 9

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O).

Front 10

energy is released in this process; some is trapped for cell use and the rest is lost as heat.

Back 10

Catabolic

Front 11

The form of energy that cells generally use for chemical, mechanical, electrical and osmotic processes.

Back 11

ATP

Front 12

****What is the difference b/t ATP and ADP?

*GO BACK!

Back 12

ATP stores and yields energy. ADP is the lower energy source.

Front 13

What are 3 roles of the liver?

Back 13

1.Vascular functions:including formation of lymph and the hepatic phagocytic system.
2.Metabolic achievements:in control of synthesis and utilization o/ carbs, lipids and proteins.
3.Secretory and excretory functions:particularly with respect to the synthesis of secretion of bile.

Front 14

________ reactions include the making of glycogen, triglycerine and protein. these reactions require differing amount of protein.

Back 14

Anabolic

Front 15

_______ reactions include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerine and protein. Most of the energy released is captured in the bonds of ATP.

Back 15

Catabolic

Front 16

A common high-energy storage compound in the body.

Back 16

ATP

Front 17

Why are the phosphate groups of ATP referred to as 'high energy'?

Back 17

Due to its readiness to release energy.

Front 18

What are the 6 jobs of the liver for Carbohydrates?

Back 18

1.converts fructose and galactose to glucose.
2.Converts excess glucose to fatty acids
3.makes glucose from amino acids
4.breaks down glucose for energy
5.makes and stores glycogen
6.breaks down glycogen and releases glucose.

Front 19

What are the 5 jobs of the liver for Lipids?

Back 19

1.builds and breaks down triglycerides,phospholipids and cholesterol.
2.breaks down fatty acids for energy
3.packages lipids in lipoproteins for transport to other organs
4.manufactures bile to send to gallbladder for fat digest
5.makes ketone bodies

Front 20

What are the 5 jobs of the liver for Proteins?

Back 20

1.manufactures nonessential amino acids.
2.removes excess amino acids and deanimates or converts them
3.removes ammonia from blood and converts it to urea
4.makes nitrogen-containing compound the body needs (bases for DNA or RNA)
5.makes plasma proteins (clotting factors)

Front 21

What are some *other* roles of the liver

Back 21

*detoxifies alcohol, drugs and poisons
*dismantle old red blood cells and captures iron for recycling.
*stores most vitamins and many minerals.

Front 22

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.

Back 22

Glycolysis

Front 23

What happens in the aerobic (oxygen -requiring) pathway of glycolysis?

Back 23

*Pyruvate-to-acetyl CoA
1.requires oxygen
2.energy expenditure proceeds at lower pace.
3.ex: long bike ride

Front 24

What happens in the anaerobic pathway of glycolysis?

Back 24

*Pyruvate-to-lactic acid
1.not requiring oxygen
2.occurs when body needs energy quickly
3.ex: sprinting a 1/4 mile

Front 25

Why is pyruvate to acetal CoA referred to as a one-way reaction?

Back 25

b4 the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must lose a carbon dioxide group and eventually form acetyl-CoA. this overall rxn. is irreversible.

Front 26

Can be used to make glucose

Back 26

Pyruvate

Front 27

Cannot be used to make glucose

Back 27

Acetyl-CoA

Front 28

The generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids (primarily alanine and glutamine).

Back 28

gluconeogenesis

Front 29

The breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids. (Fat Breakdown)

Back 29

Lypolysis

Front 30

The formation of lipid by the building of fatty acids using derivatives of acetyl-CoA

Back 30

Lipogenesis

Front 31

What energy yielding nutrients can be converted into fat?

Back 31

proteins (amino acids)
Carbs (glucose)
Lipids (fatty acids)
Lipids (glycerol)

Front 32

What roles does the ETC play?

Back 32

1.High energy compounds (glucose) give up electrons and hydrogen ions to NAD+ and FAD.
2.The NADH + H+ and FADH2 are formed and transfer these electrons and hydrogen ions to oxygen to form H2O.
3.The energy yielded by the entire process generates ATP from ADP and Pi.

Front 33

Why is ETC oxidized?

Back 33

Because it is losing electrons to form the ATP.

Front 34

A sequence of chemical reactions used by cells to convert the carbons of acetate to carbon dioxide and to yield energy.

Back 34

Citric Acid Cycle

Front 35

What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle?

Back 35

Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, and the reactions eventually yield 2 molecules of CO2. This produces NADH + H+ and other molecules which are used to form many ATP.

Front 36

What are glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids converted to before entering the citric acid cycle?

Back 36

idk?

Front 37

*** GO BACK!
1.What amino acids can be converted to glucose?(use terms)
2.Where do these amino acids enter into the energy pathway?

Back 37

1.Glucogenic, gycerol, lactate, pyruvate
2.Gluconeogenesis

Front 38

What is an example of a catabolic pathway?

Back 38

The catabolism of glucose that results in the release of CO2 and H2O. Energy is released in this process: some trapped for cell use and some lose as heat.

Front 39

Show how Niacin NAD+ is reduced

Back 39

NAD+ ----> NADH + H+
reduced

Front 40

Oxygen is _______ to form water.

Back 40

Reduced

Front 41

Which two organs can produce their own glucose from amino acids?

Back 41

Liver and Kidney cells

Front 42

NADH + H+ is a form of _____ _______ for the cell.

Back 42

Potential energy

Front 43

What are the 2 roles of glycolysis?

Back 43

1. Degrade monosaccharides to create energy
2. Provide buliding blocks for synthesizing needed cell compounds (such as glycerol for triglyceride synthesis).

Front 44

When is anaerobic glycolysis the only available method for making ATP?

Back 44

For cells that lack mitochondria (such as red blood cells). The lactate is released into the bloodstream, picked up by the liver and synthesized into glucose.

Front 45

A 3-carbon compound formed during glucose metabolism.

Back 45

Pyruvate

Front 46

How many turns around the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose?

Back 46

2

Front 47

What are the carbons in glucose of the citric acid cycle released as and from where?

Back 47

Carbon dioxide released from the Lungs

Front 48

How much of the chemical energy in glucose do cells capture during the Citric Acid Cycle? What is it transferred and used for when needed?

Back 48

40%
ATP

Front 49

What happens to the remaining 60% of energy (not chemical).

Back 49

it escapes as heat via all the reactions that take place in which ATP, GTP, NADH + H+, or FADH2 are not made.

Front 50

Since oxygen is essential to the processes of the ETP, it is a part of the _____ Metabolism.

Back 50

Aerobic

Front 51

What is the end product(s) of the Citric Acid Cycle

Back 51

yields free NAD+ and FAD, water, and ATP

Front 52

When are fatty acids used by most tissues for energy?

Back 52

When carbohydrates are available.

Front 53

Tell whether CHO, Protein and Fats Yield: Energy; Glucose; Amino Acids and Body Proteins; and Fat stores.

Back 53

Carbs(glucose): yes;yes;yes(non-essential when nitrogen is available; yes
Proteins (amino acid): yes;yes(when carb is unavailable);yes;yes
Lipids(fatty acid):yes; no;no;yes
Lipids(glycerol):yes;yes(when carb is unavailable);yes(non-ess when nitrogen is available);yes

Front 54

What 4 things does fasting encourage?

Back 54

1.glycogen breakdown
2.fat breakdown
3.gluconeogenesis
4.synthesis of ketone bodies

Front 55

What effects does fasting have on the body?

Back 55

1.when nutrients are absent, the body draws on its glycogen and fat stores for energy (2-3 hr after meal)
2.(24 hr after meal):body begins to break down protein to amino acids to synthsize glucose needed for brain and nervous system energy. Liver converts fats to ketone bodies.

Front 56

What factors is Metabolism of Alcohol dependent on?

Back 56

gender; race; size; physical condition; what is eaten; alcohol content of beverage; sleep

Front 57

Why can't a woman metabolize as much alcohol in the cells that line her stomach as men?

Back 57

Because of low activity of ADH. Also, women have less body water to dilute the alcohol.

Front 58

What is the percentages of the alcohol metabolized by a man and by a woman?

Back 58

Man: 30% metabolized
Woman: 10% metabolized

Front 59

Why is alcohol considered absolute priority in metabolism as a fuel source?

Back 59

Because it cannot be stored in the body.

Front 60

How much energy does one gram of alcohol yield?

Back 60

7 kcal/g

Front 61

What is the difference b/t glycerol and ethanol alcohols?

Back 61

Glycerol is the alcohol used to make triglycerides. Ethanol us the alcohol in beer;wine and distilled liquors.

Front 62

Name the serving sizes of:
Beer
Wine Cooler
Wine
(80 Proof) Hard Liquor

Back 62

beer: 12oz
wine cooler: 10oz
wine: 5oz
hard liquor: 1.5 oz

Front 63

An enzyme used in alcohol (ethanol) metabolism.

Back 63

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)

Front 64

What does ADH do?

Back 64

It is the major enzyme used in the liver when alcohol is in low concentration.

Front 65

When is MEOS activated?

Back 65

When the liver is overwhelmed with excess amounts of alcohol it uses oxygen, NADP+ and produces water with acetaldehyde.

Front 66

Why does Alcohol tolerance increase once MEOS is active?

Back 66

Because the rate of alcohol metabolism increases.

Front 67

Explain the 3 stages of disruption of the liver by alcohol.

Back 67

Stage 1: Fatty liver
Stage 2: Fibrosis-fibrosis tissue build up
Stage 3: Cirrhosis-liver cells die and form scar tissue.

Front 68

What are certain nutrition deficiencies due to alcoholism?

Back 68

deficiency in:
*Water soluble vitamins (thiamin;niacin;vit B-6 B-12 C; folate
*Fat soluble vitamins
*Minerals
*interferrrence with nutrient metabolism

Front 69

What is the effect of alcohol on pregnancy?

Back 69

Fetal Alcohol Sydrome (FAS)
If drinking continues within the first month of pregnancy, the chances of delivering and infant with FAS increases.

Front 70

A group of irreversible physical and mental abnormalities in the infant that result from the mother's consuming alcohol during pregnancy.

Back 70

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Front 71

What are the benefits of moderate alcohol intake?

Back 71

*social aspects
*reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases
*reduced risk of Ischemic stroke

Front 72

What is considered to be "moderate" alcohol intake?

Back 72

one drink a day for men and slightly less than one for women.

Front 73

Where is alcohol metabolized?

Back 73

In the liver and other tissues.

Front 74

A stroke caused by the absence of blood flow to a part of the brain.

Back 74

Ischemic Stroke.