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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The state in which energy intake, in the form of food and/or alcohol, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity.
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Energy Balance
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The state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain.
(energy consumed > energy expended) |
Positive Energy Balance
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The state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss.
(energy consumed < energy expended) |
Negative Energy Balance
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What is the equation given for energy balance?
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energy consumed - energy expended.
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What is an example of positive energy balance?
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Pregnancy; Hypothalamus- Neuropeptide Y
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When would someone experience negative energy balance?
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When they are stressed; busy
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Sensation caused by lack of food, leads to food-seeking behavior.
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Hunger
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Response to sight, smell, thought or taste of food that initiates or delays eating.
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Appetite
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Feeling of fullness occurs in a meal that stops eating.
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Satiation
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Feeling of satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.
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Satiety
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How many kcal/g do carbs;proteins;fats and alcohol yield?
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Carbs: 4 kcal/g
Proteins: 4 kcal/g Fats: 9 kcal/g Alcohol: 7 kcal/g |
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What measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, providing an estimate of the potential energy of the food?
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Bomb Calorimeter
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What things contribute to Basal metabolic rate? (9)
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1.amt. of body surface (greater the area, greater the heat loss)
2.Gender 3.Body Temperature 4.Thyroid Hormones 5.Nervous system activity 6.Age 7.Nutritional state (eating less slows BMR) 8.Pregnancy(increases BMR) 9.Caffeine/tobacco use (increase BMR) |
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Energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete rest
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Basal Metabolism
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The rate that the body expends energy under specific conditions
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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How do you calculate the basal metabolism for men vs. women?
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Men:
weight(kg)x1kcal/kg/hrx24hr Women: weightx0.9kcal/kg/hrx24hr **to convert weight, divide lb by 2.2 kg |
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What fraction of energy expenditure is represented by BMR?
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60-70%
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The increase in nonvoluntary physical activity triggered by cold conditions or overeating.
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Thermogenesis
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The increase in metabolism occuring during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. This reperesents 5-10% of energy consumed
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Thermic effect of food (TEF)
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Why is the TEF value for a protein-rich meal (20-30%) higher than for a Carb(5-10%) or fat(0-5%) rich meal?
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Because it takes less energy to transfer absorbed fat into adipose stores or convert glucose to glycogen than to metabolize excess amino acids into fat.
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measure of energy use while at rest
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Resting Metabolic rate (RMR)
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What factors LOWER the BMR?
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Fasting
Malnutrition *Hormones (gender)--can either speed up or slow BMR. (PMS raises) |
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How is estimated energy expenditure calculated for Physical activity?
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Multiply the following by Basal Metabolism given/calculated:
Sedentary:20-40% Light Activity:55-65% Moderate Activity:70-75% Heavy Activity:80-100% + ex:Carlos w/moderate activity 1680kcal/day x(.70)= 1176kcal/day |
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How do you calculate TEF?
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Add
(Basal Metabolism + physical activity) x (10%) ex: Carlos= 1680kcal/day+1176kcal/day= 2856 kcal/day x (10%) TEF= 286 kcal/day |
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How do you calculate Total Energy use?
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Add BMR+physical activity+TEF
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The sum of the TEF and any increase in the metabolic rate due to overeating.
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Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
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How do you calculate BMI?
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weight (kg)/height (m)^2
OR weight (lb) x 703.1 / Height (in)^2 |
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What is a healthy weight-for-height BMI?
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18.5-29.4
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What is considered an overweight range of BMI?
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25-29.9
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Do shorter adults have higher or lower BMIs?
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Higher
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What BMI classifies underweight; normal; overweight and obese?
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Underweight: below 18.5%
Normal: 18.5-24.9% Overweight:25-29.9% Obese: Over 30% EXTREME >40% |
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Why might a normal sized man have a BMI greater than 25?
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He might have extra muscle tissue.
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How much body fat is needed for males vs. females
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Males: 5-10%
Females: 15-20% |
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What are some of the most effective ways of estimating body fat composition?
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*underwater weighing
why: adipose tissue is less dense than lean tissue *air displacement Why:measures body VOLUME *bioelectric impedance Why:send electrical current through body |
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What risk factors are associated with upper body (android) obesity?
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*cardiovascular disease
*hypertension *type 2 diabetes |
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What risk factors encourage lower body (gynecoid) obesity?
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estrogen and progesterone (female hormones) *this changes after menopause b/c blood estrogen falls.
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Body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls
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Set Point
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A hormone that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure. What causes this?
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Leptin.
A defection of ob gene can cause a lack of the leptin protein. |
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What are some causes of obesity?
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*Genetics (leptin; ghrelin;pyy)
*Environment |
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Enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure.
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Ghrelin
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Stomach peptide
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PYY
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Define:
White body fat and Brown body fat |
White: triglycerides storage
Brown: used for heat generation |
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What is a reasonable goal weight?
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5-10% below initial weight.
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What are some weight-loss strategies?
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1.Eating plans (lower energy density)
2.Physical Activity 3.Behavior and attitude |
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How many kcals should a person who is on a diet consume if their BMI is >35? For people with BMI b/t 27-35?
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BMI >35 = 500-1000 kcal/day
BMI 27-35=300-500 kcal/day |
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How do you calculate the basal metabolism for men vs. women?
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Men:
weight(kg)x1kcal/kg/hrx24hr Women: weightx0.9kcal/kg/hrx24hr **to convert weight, divide lb by 2.2 kg |
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What fraction of energy expenditure is represented by BMR?
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60-70%
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The increase in nonvoluntary physical activity triggered by cold conditions or overeating.
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Thermogenesis
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The increase in metabolism occuring during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. This reperesents 5-10% of energy consumed
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Thermic effect of food (TEF)
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Why is the TEF value for a protein-rich meal (20-30%) higher than for a Carb(5-10%) or fat(0-5%) rich meal?
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Because it takes less energy to transfer absorbed fat into adipose stores or convert glucose to glycogen than to metabolize excess amino acids into fat.
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measure of energy use while at rest
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Resting Metabolic rate (RMR)
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What factors LOWER the BMR?
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Fasting
Malnutrition *Hormones (gender)--can either speed up or slow BMR. (PMS raises) |
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How is estimated energy expenditure calculated for Physical activity?
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Multiply the following by Basal Metabolism given/calculated:
Sedentary:20-40% Light Activity:55-65% Moderate Activity:70-75% Heavy Activity:80-100% + ex:Carlos w/moderate activity 1680kcal/day x(.70)= 1176kcal/day |
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How do you calculate TEF?
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Add
(Basal Metabolism + physical activity) x (10%) ex: Carlos= 1680kcal/day+1176kcal/day= 2856 kcal/day x (10%) TEF= 286 kcal/day |
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How do you calculate Total Energy use?
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Add BMR+physical activity+TEF
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The sum of the TEF and any increase in the metabolic rate due to overeating.
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Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
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How do you calculate BMI?
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weight (kg)/height (m)^2
OR weight (lb) x 703.1 / Height (in)^2 |
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What is a healthy weight-for-height BMI?
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18.5-29.4
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What is considered an overweight range of BMI?
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25-29.9
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Do shorter adults have higher or lower BMIs?
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Higher
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Measures the amount of heat released
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Direct Calorimetry
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Measures the amount of oxygen consumed
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Indirect Calorimetry
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The number of kcal the body derives from a food, as contrasted with the number of kcals determined by calorimetry
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Physiological fuel value
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Causes CHO cravings, initiates eating, decreases energy expenditure & increases fat storage
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Neuropeptide Y
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What % of energy expenditure is Physical activity?
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30-50%
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What % of energy expenditure is Thermic effect of food?
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10%
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What % of energy expenditure is Basal metabolism?
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50-65% (2/3)
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